COLD WAR continues … 1950s – 1960s

Cold War Policy – 1950s John Foster Dulles (Sec. of State) Brinkmanship Who will back down first?

Domino Theory Justification for intervention and aid to foreign nations threatened by communism

SEATO – 1954 to 1977 Southeast Asia Treaty Organization Defense pact between Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, France, Britain, and the US

Nikita Khrushchev March 1953 – Stalin died Khrushchev took over 1955 – Eisenhower and Khrushchev, w/ British and French met – Geneva Summit Hopes for peaceful relations

Suez Canal Crisis (1956) Soviets gave $$ to Egypt for dam construction, cut off the Suez Canal to western nations. Led to a more strict US policy Eisenhower Doctrine (1957), US would use military force to stop communism OPEC (1960)

“Technological Pearl Harbor” October 4, 1957 – Sputnik orbited the earth

U.S. Response December 6th, 1957 Vanguard Missile with US satellite

Who’s to blame ??? The U.S. Education System !!! Solving the education lag National Defense Education Act 1958 - NASA established

Space Race

Explorer 1 October 4, 1957 Dr. Wernher von Braun US answer to Sputnik

NASA Space Missions Mercury (1958-63) Put a man into orbit Test - Jan. 31, 1961 - #65 aka Ham Soviet success – Yuri Gagarin (April 12, 1961) – 108 minutes Alan Shepard (May 5, 1961) – suborbital 15 minute flight John Glenn – first to orbit the earth

Gemini Program Purpose: get a man into space, space travel Train astronauts to live in space (8 days to 2 weeks) Train for space walks Be able to re-enter Earth’s atmosphere

Apollo Missions Purpose – get a man on the moon

Apollo 11 – July 20, 1969 Neil Armstrong Buzz Aldrin Michael Collins

Massive Retaliation

Increased spending on weapons “Massive retaliation” ICBM – Intercontinental ballistic missile

Foreign Affairs

VP Nixon visited Moscow – July 1959 “Kitchen Debate” – Nixon stands up to Khrushchev

Sept. 1959 Khrushchev came to the U.S. “See ya next year in Paris”

U-2 Incident – May 1, 1960 U-2 spy plane shot down over USSR Pilot Gary Powers Paris Conference

CUBA U.S. left in 1933 – part of Good Neighbor policy Fidel Castro 1959 – Castro took power in Cuba Eisenhower cut trade Castro sought aid from USSR

Eisenhower’s Farewell In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist. We must never let the weight of this combination endanger our liberties or democratic processes.

John F. Kennedy 1960s Cold War Policy

Bay of Pigs Invasion April 1961 – US supported takeover of Cuba failed Effect – more support from USSR

Berlin Wall - 1961 What prejudice does the cartoon depict? How could this be a tool to persuade Americans?

Cuban Missile Crisis

Peaceful Resolution Soviets removed missiles from Cuba US promised to never invade Cuba and to remove the same from Turkey Maintain a “hot line” between White House and Kremlin

Kennedy’s Realization Sec. of Defense John McNamara Flexible response Build up of conventional military Nuclear weapons are unforgiving