Symbiosis Notes: Relationships can be found throughout nature: Dependent and Independent Beneficial and Harmful Hosts and Parasites Questions: This rhino is in a variety of relationships some obvious and some less visible. 1) Can you name any of these partnerships? 2) What the purpose of the relationship? 3) Who does it harm or help?

Symbiosis Living closely together A partnership Two different species

Animal Kingdom Examples Nile crocodile & crocodile bird Hermit crab & sea anemone Buffalo & oxpecker Shark & remora fish

Hermit Crab & Sea Anemone Protection from the Sea anemone Sea anemone Gets leftover food http://www.ms-starship.com/sciencenew/symbiosis.htm

Buffalo & Oxpecker Buffalo Oxpecker Lets the bird eat Eats ticks and other parasites off skin Warns buffalo of danger http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/enemies/partners.html

Lichen Slow growing plants Partnership: fungi & algae Neither could live alone

Relationships Commensalism Mutualism Parasitism

What are the different kinds of symbiosis? Mutualism Both Organisms benefit Commensalism one organism benefits one organism is unaffected Parasitism one organism benefits one organism is harmed

Crocodile & Bird Nile crocodile Crocodile bird Usually eats animals Allows bird to walk around its mouth Crocodile bird Cleans parasites in croc’s teeth Removes and eats scraps of food Eats harmful leeches and parasites Notes: Mammal - Bird relationships are common. Questions: Can you think of other animal-bird symbiotic relationships? Why and how do you think this relationship evolved? What special adaptations might have developed for this relationship?

Mutualism Both organisms derive mutual benefit Intimate and obligatory Neither can survive without the other Tickbirds and rhinos Clownfish & sea anemone

Mutualism: both benefit Example: Moray Eel with Cleaner Fish Moray Eel gets a clean mouth Cleaner Fish gets a meal Mutualism: both benefit

Example Bees get food Flowers get pollinated

Mutualism: both benefit Example: Clown fish with anemone Clown fish gets protection Anemone eats fish predators Mutualism: both benefit

Mutualism: both benefit Example Antelope with Oxbird Antelope gets rid of parasites Oxbird gets a meal Mutualism: both benefit

Commensalism “eating together at the same table” Only one member benefits sharing space, defense, shelter, food Neither will die if relationship is ended Shrimp & sea cucumber http://www.ms-starship.com/sciencenew/symbiosis.htm

Commensalism: one benefits, one is unaffected Example: Cattle with cattle egrets Cattle stir up insects as they eat grass Egrets hang around and eat insects Commensalism: one benefits, one is unaffected

Example: Commensalism Birds nesting in a tree

Certain species of millipede and silverfish inhabit the nests of army ants and live by scavenging on the refuse of their hosts, but without affecting the ants.

Parasitism Not symbiotic Causes harm to host

Parasitism: one benefits, one is harmed Example: Taenia worm in human eye Worm infects human blood stream Human may go blind Parasitism: one benefits, one is harmed

ONE EXAMPLE OF PARISITISM Ticks on a deer.

Example: Parasitism Female mosquito uses human blood to develop eggs Human gets an ichy bite!

Some video examples Use the worksheet to make predictions about the relationships between the animal pairs. As we watch the video fill in the worksheet. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/lessons/symbiotic-strategies/video-segments/1496/