Biology STAAR review Session 5 Biomolecules

9A. You need to know the significance of various molecules involved in metabolic processes and energy conversions that occur in living organisms. You are expected to compare the structures and functions of different types of biomolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Large organic molecules are created by the process of POLYMERIZATION. Mono=1 Poly=many

Carbohydrates Composed of C, H, O Monomer – monosaccharides (sugars) Structure/shape – hexagon Function - main source of energy, support cells Examples Glucose,fructose - mono Cellulose, glycogen, starch - poly Found in – fruits & veggies Starch Glucose

Lipids Composed of C H O Structure/shape – E Monomer – One glycerol & 3 fatty acids Function- Stores long-term energy Main component of cell membrane Waterproof covering Examples - Fats, oils, mono & polyunsaturated Found in – butter, animal fats, oils

Protein Composed of C H O N Structure/shape Monomer – amino acids Function Build cells & body structures Transports molecules in cell membranes Examples – found in muscles, bone, skin, hair, Enzymes, hormones

Nucleic Acid Composed of C H O N P Monomer – nucleotides Structure/shape Function Store & transmit genetic info Instruction for protein synthesis Examples DNA, RNA

Monomers that make up Polymers Aka carbohydrates

9C. You are expected to identify and investigate the role of enzymes Enzymes control the rate of chemical reactions by weakening bonds, thus lowering the amount of activation energy needed Specialized proteins, catalysts (speed up chemical reactions), build and break down Do NOT change during reaction, are reusable, Are specific to reaction & end in “-ase” Example: Lactase speeds up the breakdown of lactose

Factors that affect enzymes Environmental conditions Temperature, pH, Salt Inhibitors Chemicals interfere with active site Coenzymes/cofactors Ex. Zinc, iron, vitamins Needed for enzymes to bind properly to substrates

9D. You are expected to analyze and evaluate the evidence regarding the formation of simple organic molecules and their organization into long complex molecules having information such as the DNA molecule for self replicating life.