Phylum: Porifera (sponges) (8,761 known species) sponges: 14 min. Phylum: Porifera (sponges) (8,761 known species) General Description: Simplest animals, multicellular No organs or body systems Skeleton composed of spongin (soft) and spicules (hard) Symmetry: Asymmetrical Feeding: Filter Feeders - Cellular digestion Circulation: Diffusion - No circulatory system Excretion: Diffusion Response: Ganglia (nerve cells) within head attached to nerve cords Movement: Sessile (do not move) Reproduction: Reproduce sexually or asexually (regeneration) Respiration: Diffusion

Phylum: Cnidaria (10,303 known species) General Description: Primarily a marine organism distinguishing feature is cnidocytes, specialized cells that they use mainly for capturing prey. Symmetry: Most are radial symmetry some have asymmetry (corals) Feeding: Primarily Predators with use of: Tentacles Cnidocytes (stinging cells) Nematocysts (barbs) Circulation: No circulatory system all cells are in contact with the water, which contains oxygen and nutrients. 

Phylum: Cnidaria cont. Excretion: Waste flows out by diffusion Response: Lack a central nervous system specialized sensory nerve cells to transmit information to the rest of the nervous system Movement: Some muscle movement – but mostly carried by ocean currents Reproduction: Reproduce sexually or asexually Respiration: Diffusion Examples: Jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone, coral, Portuguese man of war

Phylum: Platyhelminthes – Flatworms (29,285 known species) General Description: Flatworms are soft flat worms with tissues and organ systems. Symmetry: Bilateral Feeding: Free Living: carnivores that eat tiny aquatic animals. Food passes through mouth into pharynx then into gastrovascular cavity where digestion occurs. Parasitic: Feed on blood of host, lets host digest food for them.      

Platyhelminthes – Flatworms Cont. Circulation: Diffusion Excretion: Removed using Flame Cells through tiny pores in the skin Response: Ganglia (nerve cells) within head attached to nerve cords Movement: Cilia & muscle cells Reproduction: Hermaphrodites (both sex organs) Respiration: Diffusion

Platyhelminthes Examples Turbellarians Free-living marine or freshwater flatworms includes planaria) Flukes Parasitic flatworms that infect internal organs in the host Pass from one host to the next Tapeworms Flat parasitic forms that live within the digestive tracks of their host. Can grow up to 40 ft. long Attach with hooks & suckers

Nematoda – Roundworms (24,773 known species) General Description: Unsegmented worms with pseudocoeloms and digestive systems with a mouth & an anus. Symmetry: Bilateral Feeding: Carnivores or detritovores Circulation: Diffusion Excretion: Diffusion      

Nematoda - Roundworms Response: Ganglia (nerve cells) within head attached to nerve cords Sensory organs that detect chemicals Movement: Muscle cells (length of bodies) contract to move Reproduction: Sexual Reproduction (most have separate males & females) Internal Fertilization Respiration: Diffusion

Roundworm Examples Trichinosis-Causing Worms Filarial Worms Cause trichinosis Live in intestines of host Invade hosts organs and muscle tissue Filarial Worms Line in blood/lymph vessels Transmitted through biting insects Cause elephantitis Ascarid Worms Cause malnutrition, spread by eating vegetables Hookworms Live in soil and hook onto feet of host, burrow into skin and enter bloodstream Suck hosts blood in lungs and intestines causing weakness

Phylum: Annelida (17,210 known species) General Description: Segmented worms with a true coelem lined with mesoderm. Symmetry: Bilateral Feeding: Filter feeders and carnivores Earth worm: crop (storage) and gizzard (grinds food) Circulation Closed circulatory system (blood vessels & hearts) 2 main vessels – dorsal & ventral Excretion Solid waste through the anus Fluid waste removed by nephridia (excretory organs)      

Annelida Response: Movement: Nervous system – brain and nerve chords Adaptations: sensory tentacles, chemical receptors and statyoysts (gravity) Movement: 2 major groups of body muscles (alternately contract the 2) Longitudinal Muscles Contract to make worm shorter Circular Muscles Contract to make worm longer/thinner Marine annelida have parapodia (paddlelike appendages)

Phylum: Annelida Reproduction: Sexual Reproduction Respiration: External Fertilization Some are hermaphrodites some have separate sexes Clitellum forms protective cocoon over fertilized eggs Respiration: Aquatic – have gills Nonaquatic – breathe through their skin Cuticle – keeps skin moist so that respiration can occur

Phylum: Mollusca General Description: Soft bodied animals with an internal or external shell Symmetry: Bilateral Body Plan Foot - contains mouth Mantle – tissue that covers the body like a cloak Shell – glands in the mantle secrete calcium carbonate to make the shell. Visceral mass – contains internal organs Feeding: Herbivores, carnivores, filter feeders, detritovores, or parasites.      

Phylum: Mollusca (117,350 known species) Circulation Open or closed circulatory system Excretion Nephridia (remove ammonia from blood & release outside of the body) Response Clams/shelled mollusks – simple ganglia Octupi – complex w/brain

Phylum: Mollusca Movement Reproduction Respiration Varies Octupi – uses a siphon to propel themselves forward Reproduction Sexually – external fertilization or internal fertilization depending on the mollusk. Respiration Aquatic: Gils Nonaquatic: diffusion through mantle cavity

Mollusca mollusca:15 Gastropods (Snails & Slugs) Shell-less or single-shelled Bivalves (Clams, Oysters, Mussels & Scallops) 2 shells held together by 1 or 2 powerful muscles Cephalopods (Octopi, Squids and Nautiluses) Soft bodied with a head attached to a single foot that is divided into tentacles or arms.

Phylum: Arthropoda (1,214,294 known species) General Description: Segmented body, tough exoskeleton & jointed appendages Symmetry: Bilateral Body Plan Exoskeleton – tough external cover made of chitin Jointed Appendages – structures that extend from the body such as legs and antennae Feeding: Herbivores, carnivores & omnivores Mouthparts vary among species to eat specific foods      

Phylum: Arthropoda Circulation Open circulatory system Heart pumps blood through arteries that open up into the tissues Excretion Malpighian Tubules Saclike organs that extract wastes from the blood then add them to feces Response Well developed nervous system All have brains Most have sensory organs (eyes & taste receptors etc.)

Phylum: Arthropoda Movement Use muscles controlled by nervous system to flex & extend Reproduction Terrestrial – internal fertilization Aquatic – internal or external Respiration Terrestrial Arthropods Tracheal Tubes – branching air filled tubes Spiracles – small opening along the side of the body through which air enters Spiders - Book Lungs – layers of respiratory tissue Aquatic Arthropods - Gills

Arthropoda - Crustaceans marine arthropods: 10 Arthropoda - Crustaceans Crustaceans Shell-less or single-shelled Crabs, crayfish & barnacles

Arthropoda - Chelicerates Scorpions Spiders Horseshoe Crab Mites

Arthropoda - Uniramians terrestrial arthropods Arthropoda - Uniramians Uniramians Grasshopper Centipede Millipede Butterfly Bee

Phylum: Echinoderms (7,500 + known species) General Description: Have “spiny skins” embedded with interlocking spines and plates of calcium carbonate Symmetry: Begin life as bilateral larvae and develop into spiny-skinned, radial adults Feeding: filter feeders, predators, or scavengers Circulation: open circulatory system with cilia circulating the fluids through each arm.

Phylum Echinodermata Excretion: No specialized excretory organs enchinoderma: 13 Phylum Echinodermata Excretion: No specialized excretory organs Response: Echinoderms can regenerate lost body parts any portion of a sea star with some of the central disc can regrow missing parts Movement: water-vascular system for locomotion Reproduction: Separate sexes with external fertilization Respiration: gas exchange occur by diffusion across the tube feet