Apartheid South Africa -Identify the causes and effects of apartheid -Explain the significance of Nelson Mandela South Africa Apartheid

The Republic of South Africa is in the south of the African continent.

The borders Northwest: Namibia North: Botswana Northeast: Zimbabwe and Mozambique East: Swaziland. Southwest: Atlantic Ocean Southeast: Indian Ocean Enclave: Lesotho

Enclaves What is an enclave? It is a country within the territory of another How many enclaves are there in the world? Three: Lesotho, the Vatican and the Republic of San Marino.

Physical map South Africa is located at the southern tip of Africa. It has a long coastline of about 2,500 km (1,553 miles) and two oceans: Atlantic and Indian. The interior is a vast and flat land. The north is dry because of the desert.

Political map Constitutional parliamentary republic 9 provinces Capital cities: Pretoria (executive), Bloemfontein (judicial), Cape Town (legislative) Indipendence: from the UK in 1910 Population: 49 million people (70% black, 9% coloured, 9% white, 3% Asian) Languages: South African English and Africaans

Unusual Colonial History Colonialism usually represents a struggle between a group of colonized resisters and a single group of colonizers. South African colonialism represents a struggle between two sets of colonizers: The Dutch (strictly exclusionary) The British (relatively accommodating) The Dutch and British are struggling with each other, but also struggle with the resisters: the Indigenous

Arrival of the Dutch The Dutch colonized the Cape of Good Hope in 1652 (the southernmost part of South Africa). The bulk of African people were located further inland and were quickly conquered. The Dutch colonizers saw South Africa as an African “New World” and saw themselves as white pioneer settlers and proclaimed themselves “Afrikaaners”

Arrival of the British The British seized the Cape colony in 1806. A century of struggle Tensions escalated when British started sending settlers in 1820 British settlers also saw the country as permanent home

The Great Trek Finally, in 1835 most of the Afrikaners headed northeast to re-establish communities on their own terms They began battling with the indigenous population Afrikaners were well established by 1841, but still had tension with British

Comparison between British & Dutch Colonialism Dutch (Afrikaner): Concerned with establishing an egalitarian democracy amongst themselves Thought they could retain control over their policies only if they could exclude non-Afrikaners (esp. blacks) from citizenship Established states in the interior through conquest, and rejected any possibility of black inclusion – their principle was “no equality in the church or state” British: Not racially inclusive Open to “extending” the rights of citizenship (right to vote) only if able to acquire property and a British education. For vast majority of the black people, British were no different from Afrikaners, BUT for the tiny black elite, it made a world of difference. Anglican church wanted to recruit the colonized

Union of South Africa Boer War: British defeated the Afrikaners in a 1899-1902 war & incorporated them into a policy that became the Union of South Africa in 1910. Significant autonomy and representative institutions granted for whites and qualified blacks Racial discrimination fact of life from day one! Land Act of 1913

Issues After Independence 1910- Great Britain gave South Africa independence Many “Afrikaners” chose to stay The white Afrikaners saw themselves as superior to native Africans - Held political power - Made laws to keep white and black Africans separate

Mandela and Apartheid Part 2

Glossary Afrikaner – White South African of Dutch descent. Afrikaans – The language spoken by the Afrikaner people. Boer – Afrikaans word for ‘farmer’. Also a term used to describe the Dutch descendents. Apartheid – Policy of racial segregation. Bantu – Terms used for blacks during the Apartheid era

Colonial South Africa Divided The arrival of the British and The Great Trek created two South Africas: The British controlled the valuable Cape Colony. The Boers lived in the states of Transvaal and the Orange Free State. There was an uneasy peace from the 1840s until the 1890s.

Diamonds and Conflict The British left the Boers alone until diamonds and gold were discovered in the land the Boers had settled. This led to the Boer War (1899-1902). Britain won the war and took control of South Africa.

Issues After Independence 1910- Great Britain gave South Africa independence Many “Afrikaners” chose to stay The white Afrikaners saw themselves as superior to native Africans - Held political power - Made laws to keep white and black Africans separate

South Africa’s Population by Race @ Independence Apartheid Sets In Apartheid Literally means “apart-hood” Laws that called for the separation of races in South Africa South Africa’s Population by Race @ Independence

Boer/Afrikaner attitudes to race Attitudes about race during the Apartheid era can be traced back to these influences: A sense of persecution: After the British arrived in Cape Town the Boers saw themselves as refugees in their own country. They had the right to defend their values. A sense of entitlement: After defeating the Zulu tribes at the 1836 “Battle of Blood River” the Boers felt they had ‘won’ South Africa. A sense of ‘civilisation’: Boers felt that Africans ‘wasted’ the land and that only through farms, towns and cities was the country becoming civilised. A sense of religious duty: Boers felt that Blacks had been cursed in the Bible and were ‘meant’ to be servants and slaves.

Apartheid Legislation Population Registration Act (1950) defined all people as one of four racial categories: Whites: people of European origin with no trace of other blood in their families Coloreds: includes people of mixed racial origin but also descendants of Malaysian and others brought to South Africa as slaves Asians (Indians): colonial India Africans (Blacks): everyone else whose family roots were on the continent

Apartheid Legislation Prohibition of Mixed Marriages (1949) & Immorality Acts (1950) banned marriage and sexual relations across racial lines Native Laws Amendment Acts (1953) only Blacks who had been born there could live legally in urban areas Extension of University Education Act (1959) prohibited Africans from attending the three major universities Suppression of Communist Act (1950): allowed state to ban people from political life

Separate & Unequal… No rights for non-whites… No right to vote No ownership of land No right to move freely No right to free speech No right to protest the government https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ZsUWU-tMPg U.S. S. Africa

                                       

Forced Removals To make sure the white and black populations were kept apart blacks were forced to leave their homes in ‘white’ areas. Between 1951 and 1986 at least four million people were moved from white areas to ‘Bantustans’ or black townships.

The “Homelands” Areas of rural South Africa set aside as “homelands” for black population Supposedly given a degree of self-gov’t Homelands were less than a tenth of South Africa’s most infertile land and had puppet gov’ts Chief objective was to deny non-whites the fruits of white labors: commerce and industry

Life Under Apartheid Afrikaners lived in up-scale neighborhoods Native Africans lived in: -Slums outside the city -Tribes -Bantustans “Bantustans” Reservations for native Africans to live Unable to leave without “passport” Poor quality land Unfit for large populations 1.5 mill South Africans lived in Bantustans https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vq2qc-zt9ec (photographer version) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ZsUWU-tMPg (life under apartheid 1980s) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wdlD-Q9wmfY (apartheid in South Africa)

African National Congress Known as the “ANC” Goal: increase rights of native Africans No real power in government Often members were arrested Nelson Mandela Born as a “royal” in the Xhosa tribe Educated in Britain Returned to S. Africa as lawyer and political rights activist for ANC

Nelson Mandela

What was Mandela fighting against? What was the extent of apartheid in SA? apartheid – a whole body of laws that separated blacks from whites. A little under 20% of South Africans were white = large minority.

How Mandela Became a Hero Elected deputy president of African National Congress (ANC) in 1952 Freedom movement forced to turn to armed struggle – Umkhonto. However, physical violence was never advocated in this movement. Sentenced to life in prison on charges of sabotage

How Mandela Became a Hero When in jail for 27 years, Mandela was offered time and again his freedom if he would simply renounce the violence. He never did. He only renounced the violence upon being freed.

Mandela Becomes a Hero Known as “the most famous prisoner in the world” Began secretly negotiating with the government his release Instrumental in creating a pure democratic government in South Africa and toppling apartheid

Mandela Becomes a Hero Pardoned in 1990 by President deKlerk Negotiated the end of apartheid Wins first all-race presidential election in South African history in 1994 Served one term & retired from politics Wrote biography “Long Walk to Freedom” Worked in AIDS awareness Passed away in 2013 Was communist… declined second term as president.. Know as father of south africa

Life in South Africa Today New constitution Suffrage rights Equality for all citizens Long road ahead… High crime -50 murders/day on average Many people need education Water and electricity still not an option for some