Kingdom Animalia (Animals) 6/30/2019

Characteristics of Animals Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophic Able to move at some stage of their life 6/30/2019

Animal Kingdom Ranges from the simplest , the sponges, to the most complex, the mammals. Animalia fall into two main groups. Invertebrates – meaning without backbones, and Vertebrates – meaning with backbones. 6/30/2019

Transport in Animals Simple animals like sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, use osmosis and diffusion. Animals like a clam, have an open circulatory system that has a heart but no veins and arteries. Blood transports food, waste and gasses (oxygen and CO2). More advanced animals have a closed circulatory system with a heart, veins and arteries. 6/30/2019

Excretion in Animals Excretion is the removal of nitrogen wastes. (urea, uric acid, ammonia) Nitrogen waste is produced when proteins are broken down. Excretion can also remove excess water or hold onto it, in other words, maintaining water balance. Animals may use kidneys, nephridia, flame cells or diffusion to remove these toxic wastes. 6/30/2019

Animals removing salt Marine animals often have special glands to remove excess salt. 6/30/2019

Blood used to maintain pH Buffers in your blood help to maintain pH of 7.4. As you exercise, CO2 concentration increases, pH is lowered. Buffers in your blood help to mediate the changes in the pH. 6/30/2019

Respiration in Animals Respiration is the exchange of CO2 , H2O and O2 between the organism and the atmosphere. Respiratory surfaces must be THIN and MOIST so gasses can diffuse . Three main respiratory systems: Directly through membranes or skin (ex: earthworm) 6/30/2019

Broughton High School b. Gills – used in aquatic organisms like scallops or fish b. Lungs – found in terrestrial organisms 6/30/2019 Academic Biology - 2019

Nutrition in Animals All animals are heterotrophs, but there are many types depending on what they eat. Carnivores – meat eaters Insectivores – eat Insects Herbivores – eat plants Animals teeth (mouth parts) and digestive system vary by what they eat. Other names we use are filter feeders, hunters, grazers. 6/30/2019

Carnivores Usually have sharp teeth (tiger) or beak (eagle). Carnivores have a short digestive tract. 6/30/2019

Herbivores Herbivores have specialized teeth for grinding vegetation (cow) or beaks that will crack open seeds (cardinal). Herbivores have a very long digestive tract. 6/30/2019

Reproduction/Growth/Development in Animals Most animals carry out sexual reproduction with a few of the simpler animals also having asexual reproduction. Most aquatic animals have external fertilization, while terrestrial animals have internal fertilization. 6/30/2019

External Fertilization Aquatic animals have external fertilization and then external development. Many eggs are produced since many of them are eaten. As animals move on to land, the fertilization becomes internal, but all animals still lay eggs except mammals, so development is still external. 6/30/2019

Mammals Monotremes (non-placental) Marsupials (partial - placental) Broughton High School Mammals Monotremes (non-placental) Marsupials (partial - placental) 6/30/2019 Academic Biology - 2019

Mammals - Placental Placenta – organ that connects the fetus to the mother. Allows for the exchange of gasses, food and waste 6/30/2019

Animal Adaptations to Life on Land Major problems to overcome: dehydration, support, rapid temperature changes Thick outer covering of fur, feathers, scales Lungs for respiration Heavier skeleton, limbs move under body Internal fertilization, internal development Amniote egg 6/30/2019

Behavioral Adaptations and Communication 6/30/2019

Behavioral Patterns Behavior- the way an animal reacts to changes in its environment Response – a specific reaction Stimulus – something in the environment to which an organism responds. 6/30/2019

Innate Behavior (Instincts) Inborn pattern of behavior that is genetically coded Maternal instincts, “primal fear”, competition Babies - suckling 6/30/2019

Suckling Innate behavior of infants and young mammals Provides food to the baby, allows survival 6/30/2019

More Instincts How to make a nest How to find food, what to eat How to mate Where to migrate How to avoid predators 6/30/2019

Reflexes Automatic reaction to a stimulus without conscious control Can be innate or learned i.e. Knee jerk, blinking, pulling hand from hot stove 6/30/2019

Infant Reflexes Grasping 6/30/2019

Taxis Taxis – movement of an organism due to an external stimulus (animals – not plants!) Can be (+) toward stimulus or (-) away from stimulus Phototaxis – response to light Chemotaxis – response to chemical 6/30/2019

Migration Seasonal movement of species members due to environmental condition changes i.e. Geese and Whales 6/30/2019

Why Migrate? Weather gets colder Food supplies get scarce 6/30/2019

Estivation State of dormancy, usually during the summer, occurring in many amphibians, such as frogs. Lower metabolic rate, and will sometimes begin to respire anaerobically Response to environment being hot and dry and unfavorable 6/30/2019

Hibernation Act of passing the winter in a deep sleep, with lower metabolic functions and heart rate. Strategy for dealing with decreased food supplies in winter ie. bears 6/30/2019

Advantages of migration and hibernation Allows animal to survive periods when food and other resources are not available Allows animal to take advantage of favorable conditions in another location 6/30/2019

Learned Behavior Behavior determined by prior experiences Humans: learning to drive, read, sew Dog: sit, fetch, stay 6/30/2019

Learned Behavior Imprinting- Learning based on early experience Once occurred, cannot be changed Keeps young animals close to mother who protects and feeds them 6/30/2019

Konrad Lorenz Imprinting with Geese 6/30/2019

Learned Behavior Habituation – learning process by which an animal decreases or stops its response to a repetitive stimulus Example: You live near a train track and after a while you no longer “hear” the train whistle 6/30/2019

Habituation An animal learns not to respond to a repeated stimulus Example: Dog stops barking at familiar people 6/30/2019

Learned Behavior Classical Conditioning – teaching a response to a new stimulus Ex: Pavlov’s Dogs 6/30/2019

Learned Behavior Trial and Error – learning through positive (food, praise) and negative (punishment) reinforcement 6/30/2019

Communication Passing of information from one organism to another. Visual signals Chemical signals Sound signals Language 6/30/2019

Social Behavior Communication in social insects using pheromones (chemical signals). Bees, ants and termites 6/30/2019

Courtship Rituals Behaviors which precede mating. Can consist of dancing, posing, fighting, “jousting” 6/30/2019

Purpose of Mating Rituals? Enables animals to identify healthy, reproductively fit mates of the same species Courtship rituals are species specific 6/30/2019

Blue footed booby Peacock 6/30/2019

Courtship in animals is the behaviour by which different species select their partners for reproduction. Usually, the male starts thecourtship, and the female chooses to either mate or reject the male based on his "performance". Many animals have mate-selection courtship rituals 6/30/2019

Courtship Dance with cranes Red Crowned Cranes 6/30/2019

Social Behavior Territorial Defense – Conserves resources Protects organisms from getting hurt by fighting Fighting Fish 6/30/2019

Mocking bird “mobbing” an American Kestrel Bighorn Sheep Mocking bird “mobbing” an American Kestrel 6/30/2019

6/30/2019

6/30/2019