Chemistry Do Now 2-1-19 Directions: Take out a sheet of notebook (Do Now sheet) and set it up as instructed. Answer the following questions. (5 minutes) 1) How long ago did Big Bang take place? 2) What did Big Bang create? 3) How old is time? 4) We see short wavelengths of light as what color? 5) We see high frequency light as what color?

Chemistry Do Now 2-1-19 Key Directions: Take out a sheet of notebook (Do Now sheet) and set it up as instructed. Answer the following questions. (5 minutes) 1) How long ago did Big Bang take place? 13.7 billion years ago 2) What did Big Bang create? Matter and energy 3) How old is time? 13.7 billion years old 4) We see short wavelengths of light as what color? purple 5) We see high frequency light as what color? purple

Objectives Students will know how the universe was formed by Big Bang by taking notes, watching a video, reading an article and recreate the expansion of the universe. Mastery Level: 75% or better on the article’s TDQs, exit ticket and big bang activity

If you have your expectation letter signed and “Chemistry is Everywhere” Double Entry Journal, turn them in.

Unit 1 Vocabulary Words Big Bang Theory Redshift Blueshift Light Wavelength Matter Hydrogen Helium Nuclear fusion Cosmic Background Microwave Radiation Galaxy Gravity Light Year Milky Way Nebula(e) Photons Star Sun Universe

Engage Students will watch “Origins of the Universe 101 | National Geographic”. Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HdPzOWlLrbE Students will watch “Our Suns Size Compared To Other Star Sizes - Mind Blow!” Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2AoIDsvMmSk

Explore Students will recreate the expansion of the universe Source: file:///I:/Chemistry%202018-2019/Big%20Bang%20Activity%209-20-18.pdf

THE LIGHT YEAR Light travels at 186,000 miles per second (300,000 kilometers per second). Therefore, a light second is 186,000 miles (300,000 kilometers). A light year is the distance that light can travel in a year, or: 186,000 miles/second * 60 seconds/minute * 60 minutes/hour * 24 hours/day * 365 days/year = 5,865,696,000,000 miles/year (almost 6 trillion miles) OR…… 1 LIGHT YEAR

The universe began with a hot release of energy 13 The universe began with a hot release of energy 13.7 billion years ago called the Big Bang. The aftermath of the Big Bang consisted mostly of radiation, but as things cooled, the elements hydrogen and helium formed. http://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hu/explore_astronomy/skywatch/db/307/audio/SkyWatch_307-11252010.mp3

Big Bang Theory - Evidence for the Theory First of all, we are reasonably certain that the universe had a beginning. Second, galaxies appear to be moving away from us at speeds proportional to their distance. This is called "Hubble's Law.” This observation supports the expansion of the universe and suggests that the universe was once compacted. Third, if the universe was initially very, very hot as the Big Bang suggests, we should be able to find some remnant of this heat. In 1965, this was discovered a 2.725 degree Kelvin (-454.765 degree Fahrenheit, -270.425 degree Celsius) Cosmic Microwave Background radiation (CMB) which pervades the observable universe. Finally, the abundance of the "light elements" Hydrogen and Helium found in the observable universe are thought to support the Big Bang model of origins.

What is a “nebula”? A cloud in space Made of gas and dust Can have stars inside Most of the ones we see are inside our Milky Way Galaxy Different types Orion image at http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2006/01/image/a/results/50/

The Solar Nebula Theory Basis of modern theory of planet formation. Planets form at the same time from the same cloud as the star. Immanuel Kant, (1724-1804) German philosopher and scientist (astrophysics, mathematics, geography, anthropology) from East Prussia University of Königsberg, Königsberg now called Kaliningrad Planet formation sites observed today as dust disks of T Tauri stars. Sun and our solar system formed ~ 5 billion years ago.

a), (b) The solar nebula contracts and flattens into a spinning disk a), (b) The solar nebula contracts and flattens into a spinning disk. The large blob in the center will become the Sun. Smaller blobs in the outer regions may become jovian planets (GAS GIANTS). (c) Dust grains act as condensation nuclei, forming clumps of matter that collide, stick together, and grow into moon-sized planetesimals. (d) Strong winds from the still-forming Sun expel the nebular gas. (e) Planetesimals continue to collide and grow. (f) Over the course of a hundred million years or so, planetesimals form a few large planets that travel in roughly circular orbits.

So… Big Bang & Solar Nebular? How are they related? The Big Bang Theory considers the creation of all the matter and energy that exists in the universe.. Anywhere.. The Solar Nebula theory uses that matter and energy, to create galaxies and solar systems.

What is a “galaxy”? A large group of stars outside of our own Milky Way Made of billions to trillions of stars Also may have gas and dust Spiral, or elliptical, or irregular shaped Information at http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/galaxy/spiral/2007/41/results/50/ NOVEMBER 29, 2007: Resembling festive lights on a holiday wreath, this NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image of the nearby spiral galaxy M74 is an iconic reminder of the impending season. Bright knots of glowing gas light up the spiral arms, indicating a rich environment of star formation. M74 is located roughly 32 million light-years away in the direction of the constellation Pisces, the Fish. The image is a composite of Advanced Camera for Surveys data taken in 2003 and 2005. Image at http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/galaxy/spiral/2007/41/results/50/

Spiral galaxy--Andromeda Located in the constellation of Andromeda, the Princess, the Andromeda Galaxy is a large spiral galaxy very similar to our own Galaxy, the Milky Way. It is over 65,000 light-years in diameter and approximately 2.2 million light-years in distance. The area shown in this image is quite large on the sky, covering about five times the area of the full Moon. NOAO/AURA/NSF Images at http://www.noao.edu/image_gallery/html/im0606.html and http://www.noao.edu/image_gallery/html/im0685.html

Elliptical Galaxies Information on the galaxy on the left at http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/galaxy/elliptical/2007/08/image/a/results/50/ This image from NASA's Hubble Space Telescope shows the diverse collection of galaxies in the cluster Abell S0740 that is over 450 million light-years away in the direction of the constellation Centaurus. The giant elliptical ESO 325-G004 looms large at the cluster's center. The galaxy is as massive as 100 billion of our suns. Hubble resolves thousands of globular star clusters orbiting ESO 325-G004. Globular clusters are compact groups of hundreds of thousands of stars that are gravitationally bound together. At the galaxy's distance they appear as pinpoints of light contained within the diffuse halo. Other fuzzy elliptical galaxies dot the image. Some have evidence of a disk or ring structure that gives them a bow-tie shape. Several spiral galaxies are also present. The starlight in these galaxies is mainly contained in a disk and follows along spiral arms. This image was created by combining Hubble science observations taken in January 2005 with Hubble Heritage observations taken a year later to form a 3-color composite. The filters that isolate blue, red and infrared light were used with the Advanced Camera for Surveys aboard Hubble. Information on the galaxy on the right at http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/galaxy/elliptical/1995/07/results/50/ JUNE 14, 1995: This Hubble telescope photo mosaic shows a field of distant galaxies. The brightest object in this picture is NGC 4881 [just above center], an elliptical galaxy in the outskirts of the Coma Cluster, a great cluster of galaxies more than five times farther away than the Virgo Cluster. The distance to the Coma Cluster is an important cosmic yardstick for scaling the overall size of the universe. Images at http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/galaxy/elliptical/2007/08/image/a/format/large_web/results/50/ and http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/galaxy/elliptical/1995/07/results/50/

Irregular Galaxies About Image on Left: MARCH 3, 2005: What happens when a galaxy falls in with the wrong crowd? The irregular galaxy NGC 1427A is a spectacular example of the resulting stellar rumble. Under the gravitational grasp of a large gang of galaxies, called the Fornax cluster, the small bluish galaxy is plunging headlong into the group at 600 kilometers per second or nearly 400 miles per second. 1. IS NGC 1427A ACTIVELY FORMING STARS? NGC 1427A shows numerous hot, blue stars that have been formed very recently, showing that star formation is occurring extensively throughout the galaxy. Within the Fornax cluster, there is a considerable amount of gas lying between the galaxies. When the gas within NGC 1427A collides with the Fornax gas, it is compressed to the point that it starts to collapse under its own gravity. This leads to formation of the myriad of new stars seen across NGC 1427A. The tidal forces of nearby galaxies in the cluster may also play a role in triggering star formation on such a massive scale. 2. WHAT IS THE EVENTUAL FATE FOR NGC 1427A? NGC 1427A will not survive long as an identifiable galaxy passing through the cluster. Within the next billion years, it will be completely disrupted, spilling its stars and remaining gas into intergalactic space within the Fornax cluster. About image on right, From http://www.noao.edu/image_gallery/html/im0993.html The glowing gas of the interstellar medium (ISM) is the breeding ground for the formation of new stars, and the cemetery where the ashes of dead stars ultimately return. A team led by astronomers from the National Optical Astronomy Observatory (NOAO) has conducted a new study called the Magellanic Cloud Emission Line Survey (MCELS) that focused expressly on the ISM in the Large Magellanic Cloud and Small Magellanic Cloud—the nearest major galaxies to the Milky Way. NASA and NOAO/AURA/NSF Images at http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/galaxy/irregular/2005/09/results/50/ , http://www.noao.edu/image_gallery/html/im0560.html , and http://www.noao.edu/image_gallery/html/im0993.html

Our Galaxy: the Milky Way has about 200 billion stars, and lots of gas and dust is a barred-spiral (we think) about 100,000 light-years wide our Sun is halfway to the edge, revolving at half a million miles per hour around the center of the Galaxy takes our Solar System about 200 million years to revolve once around our galaxy

The Milky Way From http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/06/080603-milky-way.html Astronomers unveiled today what they are calling the best map ever produced of the Milky Way galaxy. The new view shows our spiral galaxy as it would look face-on to a very distant observer. The map is based on findings about the structural evolution of the Milky Way. The researchers determined that the Milky Way actually has two fewer major arms than previously believed. In barred spiral galaxies like our own, major arms have a high density of stars, produce lots of new stars, and are clearly connected to the long bar of stars at the galactic center. By contrast, minor arms have high gas density and presumably less star formation. Scientists had long thought that the Milky Way has four major arms. But the new images show that the spirals are actually made of two major arms and two minor ones. "These major arms plus the bar could be the things that really stand out if you were looking at the Milky Way galaxy from, say, [our nearest galactic neighbor] Andromeda," Benjamin said. Image at http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/bigphotos/1945371.html

Extension - Exit Ticket Question: How did our universe form?