DNA, RNA & Protein Synthesis

The Structure of DNA

The Structure of DNA Nitrogenous Bases

The Structure of DNA Nucleotide

The Structure of DNA C with G T with A

What is different about AT bonds and GC bonds?

The Structure of DNA How many nucleotides are here?

Replication Purpose – make two copies of the DNA molecule (for reproduction) of the cell

Replication Enzymes uncoils and unzip the DNA then builds new strands using old strands as a template.

Replication Helicases uncoils and unzip the DNA DNA polymerases builds new strands using old strands as a template.

Replication Fork

Replication DNA polmerases add 50 nucleotides per second. It would take 53 days to replicate the largest human chromosome. How does it get done faster?

It is a semi-conservative process.

Is DNA the only type of Nucleic Acid? DNA vs. RNA Double Stranded Single Stranded A,T,G,C A,U,G,C Deoxyribose Sugar Ribose Sugar

Transcription Enzymes builds the mRNA using DNA as a template

Transcription What does it do? Makes a single stranded RNA copy of the DNA called mRNA. Where does it happen? Nucleus. Then the mRNA exits the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

Transcription RNA polymerases builds the mRNA using DNA as a template

Translation (Protein Synthesis) Wait a minute. What’s a protein? 9 to 11 (depending) are “essential amino acids”

Translation (Protein Synthesis) What does it do? mRNA and tRNA work to translate the message from the DNA into a protein. Where does it happen? Cytoplasm. At ribosomes to be exact.

Translation (Protein Synthesis) Wait a minute. What’s a protein?

Translation (Protein Synthesis) tRNA structure

Translation (Protein Synthesis) tRNA structure What’s a codon ? What’s a antiodon ?

Translation (Protein Synthesis) tRNA structure: What’s a codon & an anticodon?

Translation (Protein Synthesis) tRNA structure What’s a codon & an anticodon? What’s at the other end of the tRNA?

Translation (Protein Synthesis) tRNA working off of mRNA

Translation (Protein Synthesis) The Genetic Code

Translation (Protein Synthesis) The Genetic Code

To Summarize:

MUTATIONS Misconceptions: -Mutations can be harmful, helpful or have no effect -Most mutations have no Effect -Mutations can’t create ninja turtles -Think “What will changing DNA do to this protein?”

MUTATIONS Types of Mutations: Point Mutations Substitution Frame-shift (Deletion/Insertion) Chromosomal Mutations Deletion Inversion Translocations

Big Mistakes…

Mutation in DNA shown in red: ____________ , ____________ becomes: ____________

MUTATIONS

MUTATIONS