Treaty of Versailles and the other treaties…. Treaty of Versailles, 1919: Germany Other peace treaties… Sep 1919 – Treaty of St. Germain (Austria) - Separated Austria from Hungary; forbidden to join -  Created new state of Czechoslovakia -Transylvania given to Romania -Four areas of western border land give to Italy -  Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina given to Serbia created Yugoslavia -  Army reduced to 30,000 men -  Pay reparations (not paid due to bank collapse, 1922) -North east land  newly formed Poland Nov 1919 – Treaty of Neuilly (Bulgaria) - Had to pay £100 million reparations - Army reduced to 20,000 men - Lost land to Greece and Yugoslavia June 1920 – Treaty of Trianon (Hungary) - Break up of Austro-Hungarian Empire (many Hungarians now under foreign rule) -Army reduced to 35,000 men - Land lost to Yugoslavia, Romania and Czechoslovakia - - Reparations (never paid due to economy collapse) 1920 – Treaty of Sevres (Turkey) Smyrna & Eastern Thrace given to Greece Turks overthrew the Sultan’s government in outrage Sea opened up to all nations The Ottoman Empire was split up Arabia was made independent Turkey’s countries in the Middle East were given to Britain and France as LofN mandates: Iraq, Palestine & Transjordan to France; Syria to Britain Independent Armenian State to be created 1923 – Treaty of Lausanne (Turkey) Smyrna & Eastern Thrace given back to Turkey All foreign troops left Turkey Turkey regained control over sea Turkey did not have to pay reparations No limits placed on Turkey’s armed forces a5

Locarno treaties Kellogg-Briand Pact Not led by League In 1928, US Secretary of State, Frank Kellogg, the French minister Briand arranged for 61 countries to sign the Kellogg- Briand Pact (an anti-war agreement). Each country promised not to use war as a way of solving international disputes. It seemed like a triumph of pacifism (avoiding war) and common sense. However it could be seen as a weakening of the League whose strength lay in the belief of collective security (safety in numbers). No sanctions were agreed upon against countries that ignored the agreement in the future. In Autumn 1925 a whole series of Treaties were drawn up at Locarno in Switzerland and then signed in London, in December of 1925. These treaties involved leading European countries, including Germany and the USSR who were not in the League of Nations at that time. Some of the treaties were agreements to settle disputes peacefully. The main treaty involved France, Belgium and Germany. (Germany was invited to join the League in 1926.) They promised to not invade each other and Germany agreed to keep its troops out of the Rhineland. Germany basically accepted the terms of the Treaty of Versailles regarding territory in the west of Germany. Not led by League Not led by League

Upper Silesia Aaland Islands In 1921, the League helped to solve a dispute between Poland and Germany over the territory of Upper Silesia. League troops took temporary control of the area and the League organised a vote of the people who lived there to decide which state they wanted to be part of. The industrial areas voted mostly for Germany and rural areas voted mostly for Poland. The League divided the region along these lines, with safe-guards for co-operation over power and water supplies in the border areas. Both Germany and Poland accepted the final result of the vote. In 1920 both Sweden and Finland claimed the right to the Aaland Islands. The League investigated the issue and the territory was given to Finland. These islands belonged to Finland but were claimed by Sweden. Most islanders wanted to be ruled by Sweden. The two countries referred their dispute to the League of Nations which decided that Finland should keep the islands but that the islanders’ Swedish way of life should be protected. Both countries accepted the decision.

Invasion of Bulgaria Poland invaded Vilna In 1925 Greece invaded Bulgaria. The League of Nations ordered the Greeks to withdraw and they did. Both these nations share a border. In 1925, patrolling border brigades fired on one another over a border dispute and a Greek soldier was killed. The Greek army invaded Bulgaria and the Bulgarians asked the League for help. Both armies were ordered to stop fighting and Greece was ordered to withdraw from Bulgaria. The League decided that Greece was to blame and fined them £45,000. Both nations accepted the decision. In 1920 both the new states of Poland and Lithuania claimed the ancient town of Vilna, the capital of Lithuania in the Middle Ages but now mostly inhabited by Poles. A Polish army seized Vilna. The League asked the Poles to withdraw to allow the inhabitants to vote on their future. The Poles refused. The Conference of Ambassadors awarded Vilna to Poland.

Italy invade Corfu Austria & Hungary In 1922-23 Austria and Hungary faced bankruptcy. Their economies had not recovered after the war and the burden of paying reparations was making this worse. The League arranged international loans for the two countries and sent commissioners to supervise how the money was spent. The League temporarily took over the economic management of the two countries, which allowed economic recovery. In 1923 Italian leaders of a working party of the Conference of Ambassadors were ambushed and killed in Greece by unknown gunmen. Italy’s leader, Mussolini, demanded an apology from the Greek government and a large fine in compensation. When the Greeks refused, the Italian navy bombarded the Greek island of Corfu and marines occupied it, thus breaking the League Covenant. The Greeks appealed to the League. The League proposed Greece should pay money into a neutral account while an enquiry took place. Mussolini disagreed, said the League was interfering, and threatened to end Italy’s membership. The League Council passed responsibility to the Conference of Ambassadors, of which Italy was a member. The Conference ordered Greece to pay 50 million lira to Italy. The Italians left Corfu. Many people criticised the League for failing to condemn aggression.