Dr. Susan P. Mains Geography GE21001 Dynamic Human Worlds Lectures 5 + 6 Development, Power and Place Dr. Susan P. Mains Geography

Lecture Outline Defining Development Forms of Development:   Forms of Development: - political context -uneven development ‘measures’ Useful Readings: *Radcliffe, S. (2005) Rethinking Development. In Cloke, P., Crang, P. and Goodwin, M. (Eds) Introducing Human Geographies. 2nd Edition. London, Hodder Arnold, pp.200-210. Willis, K. (2005) Theories of Development. In Cloke, P., Crang, P. and Goodwin, M. (Eds) Introducing Human Geographies. 2nd Edition. London, Hodder Arnold, pp. 187-199.

Defining Development A range of social, economic, political and health factors How do we measure “political development”? Shift from financial to more holistic measures Cultural and political context significant What kinds of “development” are desirable?

Defining Development “Development” created in a particular political context President Harry Truman “underdevelopment” 1948 at the beginning of the Cold War Relational The idea of a continuum 1st, 2nd, and 3rd World, later a 4th? Again political context significant US imperialism

Ways of Measuring ‘Development’ Population Characteristics Check the Population Reference Bureau: DataFinder www.prb.org for up-to-date statistics Doubling Time: the measure of how long it will take the population of an area to grow to twice its current size Life Expectancy: the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live

More Population Measurements Total Fertility Rate (TFR): the average number of children a woman will have throughout her lifetime Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): the number of deaths of infants less than 1 year of age compared to the number of live births for that same year (or infant deaths per 1,000 live births)

Education Indicators Literacy rate: the percentage of the population over age 15 years able to read and write, and is often broken down by sex Secondary School Enrolment

Economic Indicators Gross Domestic Product (GDP): a monetary measure of the value of goods and services produced within a national economy over a given period of time Gross National Product (GNP): GDP + net income from abroad GNI PPP per capita: the Gross National Income (with purchasing power parity) per person

Human Development Index GDP and GNP are seriously deficient as measures of economic activity: they omit whole areas of work they perversely count as wealth creation that which may destroy the foundations of productive activity Human Development Index: The United Nations uses a Human Development Index, which is calculated on measures of life expectancy, educational attainment and personal income.

Non-Demographic Indicators III Human Development Report (UNHDP) Links between environmental and political contexts Links between, infrastructure, policy, education & health Role of national and international institutions, everyday experiences, obstacles and opportunities for change e.g., the politics of water http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uYsZOI8gftU&feature=results_video&playnext=1&list=PL1C485D484939EC26

Millenium Development Goals Time specific targets Millennium Summit (2000) Millennium Declaration 8 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Millennium Development Goals for 2015 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v3p2VLTowAA&feature=related

Millenium Development Goals Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women Goal 4: Reduce child mortality rates Goal 5: Improve maternal health Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development

The purpose of politics is to bring the greatest happiness to the greatest number of people—Jeremy Bentham

Political Indicators Global Peace Index (2010) The Map of Freedom http://filipspagnoli.wordpress.com/2009/01/12/human-rights-maps-41-global-peace-index/ The Map of Freedom http://www.worldaudit.org/ Corruption Perceptions Index http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2010/results Border Disputes E.g., the Arctic http://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/arctic/ http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/08/new-arctic-map-shows-just-what-boundaries-well-be-fighting-over-for-oil.php

Political Indicators Global Peace Index (2010) The Map of Freedom http://filipspagnoli.wordpress.com/2009/01/12/human-rights-maps-41-global-peace-index/ The Map of Freedom http://www.worldaudit.org/ Corruption Perceptions Index http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2010/results Border Disputes E.g., the Arctic http://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/arctic/ http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/08/new-arctic-map-shows-just-what-boundaries-well-be-fighting-over-for-oil.php

Political Indicators Global Peace Index (2010) The Map of Freedom http://filipspagnoli.wordpress.com/2009/01/12/human-rights-maps-41-global-peace-index/ The Map of Freedom http://www.worldaudit.org/ Corruption Perceptions Index http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2010/results Border Disputes E.g., the Arctic http://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/arctic/ http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/08/new-arctic-map-shows-just-what-boundaries-well-be-fighting-over-for-oil.php

Political Indicators Global Peace Index (2010) The Map of Freedom http://filipspagnoli.wordpress.com/2009/01/12/human-rights-maps-41-global-peace-index/ The Map of Freedom http://www.worldaudit.org/ Corruption Perceptions Index http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2010/results Border Disputes E.g., the Arctic http://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/arctic/ http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/08/new-arctic-map-shows-just-what-boundaries-well-be-fighting-over-for-oil.php

Contrasting Perspectives Abbas submits Palestinian statehood bid to UN http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s-GlH_LkLY4 Netanyahu: Better bad press, than a good eulogy http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pw0uWquKoKs

Borders, external influences and access to resources