Quick Chemistry Review Potential Energy  stored energy Covalent Bonding  sharing e- Nonpolar = equal sharing Polar = unequal sharing Ionic Bonding  charged particles Anions = negative charge Cations = positive charge

Hydrogen Bonds: weak bonds Important because molecules can come together, bond temporarily and than separate

I. POLYMERS  repeating units A. Carbohydrates * Usually in ring form in aqueous solution

Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactose

2. Disaccharides: maltose, lactose, sucrose

3. Polysacharides: starch, chitin, glycogen

B. Fats Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids Saturated = all single bonds

Unsaturated = one or more double or triple bonds

1. Phospholipids

2. Steroids: cholesterol

C. Proteins Amino group + R’ group + carboxyl group

Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary

Proteins may be DENATURED by heat pH

D. Nucleic Acids DNA RNA

II. METABOLISM Catabolic = exergonic Anabolic = endergonic

III. ENZYMES Proteins = biological catalysts

Enzyme-Substrate Complex Cofactors

Enzyme Specificity Induced Fit

Competitive Inhibitors Noncompetitive Inhibitors

Allosteric Regulation

IV. WATER polar and asymmetrical

1. Cohesive cohesion surface tension adhesion 2. Stabilizes Temperature high specific heat acts as a heat sink

3. High Heat of Evaporation evaporative cooling 4. Expands when it freezes contributes to its use in the environment 5. Versatile Solvent due to polarity

V. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS A. Isomers Structural

Geometric Stereoisomers

B. Functional Groups Hydroxyl (-OH)  alcohols Carbonyl (-C=O)  at end = aldehyde  in middle = ketone

Carboxyl (-COOH)  carboxylic acid Amino (-NH2)  amines

Sulfhydryl (-SH)  thiol Phosphate (-PO4)  organic phosphate