Epidural catheter placement in children: comparing a novel approach using ultrasound guidance and a standard loss-of-resistance technique Willschke H , Marhofer P , Bösenberg A , Johnston S , Wanzel O , Sitzwohl C , Kettner S , Kapral S British Journal of Anaesthesia Volume 97, Issue 2, Pages 200-207 (August 2006) DOI: 10.1093/bja/ael121 Copyright © 2006 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions
Fig 1 Epidural insertion was performed using a midline approach and a paramedian longitudinal position of the ultrasound probe. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006 97, 200-207DOI: (10.1093/bja/ael121) Copyright © 2006 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions
Fig 2 Measuring points for skin–epidural distance and diameter of epidural space in a longitudinal transversal paramedian ultrasonographic view. The lower grey arrow indicates the dura. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006 97, 200-207DOI: (10.1093/bja/ael121) Copyright © 2006 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions
Fig 3 Longitudinal transversal ultrasonographic view of neuraxial anatomy in a child weighing 4 kg. The epidural space is wider cranially (left) than caudally (right), because of the expansive force of local anaesthetic infused through the epidural catheter. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006 97, 200-207DOI: (10.1093/bja/ael121) Copyright © 2006 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions
Fig 4 Correlation between body weight (kg) and depth of epidural space as measured with a linear 5–10 MHz hockey-stick probe from a paramedian longitudinal view in children under 6 months (Pearson correlation coefficient: 0.9). British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006 97, 200-207DOI: (10.1093/bja/ael121) Copyright © 2006 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions