KINGDOM PLANTAE Vascular Plants Phylum Tracheophyta Seeds Subphylum Spermopsida Seeds ‘naked’ Seeds enclosed Class Angiospermidia Class Gymnospermidia Sub Class Magnoliopsida DICOTS Sub Class Liliopsida MONOCOTS

Summary of Class Angiospermidia True roots (with vascular tissue) Reproduction without water (evolved flower) Protective covering around embryo (seed) – can survive winter Improved conducting tissue: thicker and stronger xylem. Became taller.

Class Angiospermidia ‘enclosed seeds’ (flowering plants) Evolved (from a Gingko like tree) approximately 135 million years ago in the JURASSIC ERA. 2. 235,000 to 300,000 species (90% of Kingdom Plantae) 3. Ubiquitous (found everywhere) 4. Not as dependent on wind as a means of reproduction (use pollinators). This greatly increased their chances of survival.

5. Made improvements in reproduction to occupy areas vacated by the ferns. Adapted to more moderate climates. ~        Made improvements to occupy areas vacated by the ferns by adapting to more moderate climates; the main improvements were in the area of reproduction. Flowering plants are not as dependent on wind as a means of reproduction. This increased their chances of survival

PISTIL (female) is made up of: Stigma – sticky and ‘catches’ pollen Style – carries pollen to the ovary Ovary – contains the eggs. Ovule – surrounds the eggs

STAMEN (male) is made up of: Anthers – produce pollen Filament – raises anthers in the air

ACCESSORY ORGANS: function in attracting the ‘VECTOR’ (pollinator/ seed distributor) with colour, odor and nectar. Petal: brightly coloured to attract vector Sepal: ‘leaves’; protects flower when it’s closed up Receptacle: releases odour Nectar: found at the base of the ovary

Pollen Small amount of pollen as compared to conifers. Less energy required. More energy is in the flower to ensure precise cross-pollination.

FERTILIZATION A specific pollen lands on the stigma and grows a pollen tube to the ovary. One sperm (gametophyte) will fertilize the egg (gametophyte) to form a zygote. After fertilization, the zygote will grow to form an embryo. A 2nd sperm fertilizes a diploid ENDOSPERM cell and this becomes triploid (3N). It grows rapidly, fills the ovule (which surrounds the embryo) and eventually becomes the SEED.

Double fertilization 1 pollen grain (sperm) fertilizes the egg to form a zygote becomes an embryo Another pollen grain fertilizes a polar nuclei  endosperm (food for the zygote) endosperm is a tissue produced inside the seeds of most of the flowering plants following fertilization. It surrounds the embryo and provides nutrition

                                                                                                                                                                       

Leaves: reticulate or parallel venation More developed vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)

Monocots vs Dicots http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gI2RxzAT-ww

Dicots (ie: rose, apple trees…) Two seed cotelydons Germinates and puts off 2 leaves Has a netted vein pattern Contains annuals, bi-annuals (2 years), perennials (every year) Herbaceous & woody forms Also: Vascular bundles in a ring in the stem Taproot system

Monocots (ie: grass, grains, onions, lilies, tulips…) One seed cotelydon Germinates and puts off 1 leaf Has a parallel vein pattern Mostly annuals (grow 1 year and die) All are Herbaceous (non-woody) Also: Scattered vascular bundles in the stem Fibrous root system

POLLINATORS                               

SEED DISPERSAL

Uses for Angiosperms Remove CO2 and add O2 to atmosphere ALL the food we eat (except that which we have already mentioned) including MEAT. The majority of our medicines Some are poisonous (rosary bean and castor bean) Beauty and inspiration the most insidious plant toxins affecting people are lectins, extremely poisonous proteins including ricin from the seeds of castor bean (Ricinus communis) and abrin from the seeds of rosary bean (Abrus precatorius). Of course, their degree of toxicity depends on how they are administered. It has been estimated that gram for gram, ricin is 6,000 times more poisonous than cyanide and 12,000 times more poisonous than rattlesnake venom. A dose of ricin weighing only two millionths of an ounce (roughly equivalent to the weight of a single grain of table salt from a salt shaker) is enough to kill a 160 pound person. Drugs Paper and clothes Building materials (birch, maple, oak)