Chapter 14 Food Habits & Cultural Patterns Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1

Food Habits Personal food habits are affected by Economics as far as foods that are available Cultural factors such as personal foods meaning and beliefs Social customs Least affected by health or nutritional value although there is a trend to change this Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Marketing and Environmental Influences Media-television, radio, magazines, other sources Peers-coworkers, family, Convenience items Grocery stores Cartoon characters Ask students how these factors influence food choices. How have students been influenced to purchase specific products in grocery stores? Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3

Family Income Low-income families suffer extreme need Illness, hunger, and malnutrition are more common in this group About 14.8% of Americans live below poverty level Healthy diet composed of whole grains, lean meats, fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy is difficult to achieve for some families that are living at or below the federal poverty line. Cost and accessibility, education, and knowledge are the socioeconomic influences on food choices. Low-income groups have a greater tendency to consume unbalanced diets. In particular, low-income groups have low intakes of fruits and vegetables. Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 4

Cultural Development of Food Habits Food habits grow from many influences Personal-grow from exposure Cultural-deep routed and tend to also affect choices Social –people we associate on regular basis such as stylists, coworkers, etc. Economic-financial means also affects choices Psychological-food neophobia fear of eating unfamiliar foods Discuss how students form their existing eating patterns and food habits. Discuss how each of these influences affects individual food choices and habits. Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 5

Cultural Development of Food Habits Food habits are learned through everyday living and family relationships Food habits are primarily based on food availability, economics, personal food beliefs Service of fast food has increased Cultural background and customs largely determine what is eaten Foods may take on symbolic meaning Examine the situations in which a person is most likely to overeat or make certain food choices. Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 6

Traditional Cultural Food Patterns Shift in focus from “melting pot” to “diversity” American cities retain pockets of ethnic groups Cultural food habits are retained Discuss the ethnic groups that have a visible presence in your city or town. Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 7

Religious Dietary Laws Christianity Catholic Protestant Eastern Orthodox Judaism Hinduism Buddhism Islam Each follower interprets these dietary practices in his or her own way. Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 8

Jewish Different dietary laws depending on orthodox, conservative, or reform beliefs Dietary laws are called Rules of Kashruth; foods prepared according to these laws are kosher Meat should come only from animals that chew their cud and have cloven hooves; no pork or birds of prey Meat and milk products are not mixed Shellfish and crustaceans are avoided such as shrimp No eggs with blood spots are eaten Discuss the origins of the dietary laws. Where can one obtain kosher food in your community? Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 9

Influence of Festivals (Jewish) Many traditional Jewish foods relate to festivals of the Jewish calendar Examples: bagels, blintzes, borscht, challah, gefilte fish, kasha, knishes, lox, matzo, strudel What are some Jewish holidays that involve food? Have the students heard of any of these foods before? Which have been adapted to American cuisine? Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 10

Muslim Dietary laws depend on restriction or prohibition of some foods, promotion of other foods Tabouli a salad made from soaked bulgur combined with chopped tomatoes, parsley, mint, and green onion, and is mixed with olive oil and lemon juice is a traditional Muslim dish Milk products: permitted at all times Fruits and vegetables: permitted unless fermented Breads and cereals: permitted unless contaminated Seafood and land animals: permitted Pork and alcohol: prohibited Discuss the origins of the Islamic food laws. Consider how hard it would be for a person in America to follow Jewish or Islamic dietary laws. Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11

Representative Foods (Muslim) Bulgur Falafel Fatayeh Kibbeh Pilaf Pita Tabouli Ask students which of these have been adapted to American cuisine. Which ones have they eaten in the last few months? Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 12

Influence of Festivals (Muslim) Ramadan 30-day period of daylight fasting from dawn to sunset Nights often spent in special feasts that begin with appetizer then the family “evening breakfast” All Muslims, regardless of condition, observe this fasting Some patients (e.g., pregnant or breast-feeding) may have complications Explain the fasting during Ramadan and how this affects food choices and health. Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 13

Spanish Influences Mexican Puerto Rican Basic foods are dried beans, chili peppers, corn Small amounts of meat and eggs are used Fruit consumption depends on availability and price Puerto Rican Food pattern is similar to Mexican Tropical fruits and vegetables are added Basic foods include viandas (starchy vegetables and fruits such as plantains), rice, beans Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the Americanization of native diets. Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 14

National Food Guides for Mexico and Puerto Rico In the Puerto Rican diet, milk, meat, yellow and green vegetables, and other fruits are used in limited quantities. Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 15

Native American Indian and Alaska Natives Many diverse groups All have a spiritual devotion to the land Food has great religious and social significance Food differs according to what can be grown locally, harvested or hunted on the land, or fished from local waters-such as corn which is a staple food for Native Americans Discuss changes in the Native American diet, including the addition of alcohol, high-fat foods, and high-sodium foods. Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 16

Native American Native American: Southern Arizona American Indian Food Guide: Choices for a Healthy Life Ask students to identify some of the health benefits and health hazards of the American Indian food habits. Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 17

Influences of Southern United States African Americans Food patterns developed through creative ability to turn basic staples into memorable food Traditional breads include hot breads (biscuits, spoonbread, cornbread) Wide variety of vegetables and leafy greens (turnip, collard, mustard) are used Pork is a common meat The popular term for African-American cooking is soul food. Eggs and some cheese are used Little milk is used (except for baking) Many of these foods are rich in nutrients, as found in collard greens and other leafy green and yellow vegetables, legumes, beans, rice, and potatoes. Other parts of the diet, however, are low in fiber, calcium, and potassium, and high in fat. Common ways for African Americans to prepare food include frying, barbecuing, and serving foods with gravy and sauces. Home-baked cakes and pies are also common. Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 18

French Americans Cajuns in southern Louisiana are descendants of the French colonists of Arcadia (now Nova Scotia) French culinary background blended with Creole cooking around New Orleans Foods are strongly flavored, spicy Seafood is abundant Typical dishes include seafood or chicken gumbo, jambalaya, red beans and rice, blackened fish. Typical dishes include seafood or chicken gumbo, jambalaya, red beans and rice, blackened fish. Discuss advantages and disadvantages of Cajun cuisine. Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 19

Asian Food Patterns Chinese Japanese Use a wok for quick stir-frying with little fat Vegetables and rice are staples Meat, eggs, and tofu are sources of protein Acculturation of Chinese may be bread with meals instead of traditional rice Japanese Rice is basic grain Many varieties of fish and shellfish used Vegetables usually steamed Diet is high in sodium, low in milk Most Asians living in America adhere to a traditional Asian diet interspersed with American foods, particularly breads and cereals. Dairy products are not consumed in sufficient quantity, except for ice cream. Calcium is consumed through tofu and small fish. Asian food preparation techniques include stir-frying, barbecuing, deep-frying, boiling, and steaming. All ingredients are carefully prepared (chopped, sliced, etc.) before starting the cooking process. Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 20

Southeast Asian Southeast Asian: Vietnamese, Indonesian, Cambodian, Laotian Rice is a staple Soups are common Fish, shellfish, pork, chicken, and duck are common Red meat eaten only once or twice a month Nuts and legumes are the primary sources of protein. Stir-frying in a wok with a small amount of lard or peanut oil is a common method of cooking also use of soy sauce and ginger. Nuts and legumes are the primary sources of protein. Stir-frying in a wok with a small amount of lard or peanut oil is a common method of cooking. Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 21

National Food Guides for China, Japan, and Korea Ask students to compare the food guides of China, Japan, and Korea. How are they similar, and how do they differ? Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 22

Mediterranean Influences Italian Bread and pasta are basic ingredients Cheese, meats, poultry, fish, sausages, cold cuts, and vegetables commonly used Olive oil, garlic, herbs, and wine used in cooking Lasagna is a meal that usually prepared on holidays or at celebrations Greek Bread is the center of every meal Cheese, yogurt, vegetables, rice, lamb, and fish commonly used Mediterranean countries are known for leisurely dining. Eating more slowly, enjoying company, and mentally relaxing can all benefit health. Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 23

Mediterranean Influences Discuss the benefits of the Mediterranean diet; why is it considered heart healthy? Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 24

Changes in American Food Habits Basic determinants Physical Social Psychological Factors influencing change Income Technology Environment Access to food Vision Vision influences change through the media. Marketing strongly influences children’s food preferences and requests. Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 25

Changes in American Food Habits Changing American food patterns Household dynamics-studies have shown that more common to find unrelated people living together are eating together Family meals- are associated with improved dietary quality and beneficial developmental assets, have been on the decline Pattern of “grazing,” is eating many times throughout the day Snacking is good way to provide missing nutrients if planned Fast foods-”supersizing”; growing portion sizes Health and fitness-eating habits in the United States include fewer meals and more healthy snacks Economical buying Do you eat more meals or snacks? Do you sit down with others at a table when you eat? Fast food restaurants are becoming a norm for dining in America. What are some healthier food options that can be ordered? Copyright © 2013 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 26