examples of clustered settlement New England colonists came from England in small groups and they clustered their settlements. Still visible on the NE landscape today…Newfane, Vermont town surrounding a central commons Long lot settlement along the St. Lawrence River in Quebec, Canada

DISPERSED rural settlements: Europe turned rural settlements from clustered to dispersed in order to consolidate (merge) farms Enclosure movement in UK: forced poor peasant farmers to give up land to make fewer larger farms…led to agriculture being more profitable Famers then fenced in their land and began more intensive farming When do you think this happened? (Hint: where did poor farmers go?

Why do services locate in large settlements? Before modern times, all settlements were rural based on agriculture City-states: independent self- governing communities that included the nearby country-side (hinterland) Earliest urban settlements were: Ur: means fire, oldest city in Iraq, Mesopotamia, command center is a ziggurat Athens, Greece: eastern Mediterranean, connected through defense of the region. Rome, Italy: Roman Empire, Europe North Africa, and SW Asia, trade encouraged, modern transportation for the time Where have we seen the concept of city-states today?

Athens, Greece Fig. 12-11: The hilltop site of the Acropolis, dating to about 500 B.C., still dominates the skyline of modern Athens.

Ancient ur Believed to be the birthplace of Abraham! Fig. 12-10: Ur, in modern-day Iraq, was one of the earliest urban settlements. The ziggurat, or stepped temple, was surrounded by a dense network of residences.

Rome (ancient city in center of city still today) The Roman Forum Why cities are where they are. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3PWWtqfwacQ Pick back up at 5:00 minutes

Hierarchy of Settlements In many MDC’s geographers recognize the ranking of settlements from largest to smallest creates a patterns of settlement Hierarchy (size) of cities can indicate development What would the hierarchy (size) look like in an MDC? LDC?

Rank-Size Distribution of Cities vs. Primate City Rule Rank Size Rule: A country’s nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement. So, the 2nd largest is ½ the size of the largest, the 3rd largest is 1/3 the size of the largest and so on. Primate City Rule: The largest city has more than twice as many as the next highest and after that there are very few large cities. There is a “dominant or primate” city. (France as example) New York 8,336,546 Los Angeles 3,857,456 Chicago 2,714,832 Houston 2,123,274 Philadelphia 1,547,197 Cities in the U.S. closely follow the rank-size distribution, as indicated by the almost straight line on this log scale. In Romania, there are few settlements in two size ranges.

Hierarchy of business services Four levels of cities that correlate to the type of service they provide World/global cities: center of flow for information and capital 3 standouts: London, NYC, Tokyo…each is the largest city in the 3 most developed regions…what are they? What are some major and secondary cities?

Hierarchy of business services Command and Control centers contain headquarters of many large corporations and other business services

Hierarchy of business services Specialized Producer-Service Centers: highly specialized services, research and development…cars > Detroit…steel > Pittsburg… The Research Triangle, home to numerous high-tech companies and enterprises in the 1950’s. Originally referred to the universities, whose research facilities, and the educated workforce they provide, have historically served as a major attraction for businesses located in the region.

Hierarchy of business services Dependent Centers: provide unskilled labors dependent on the decisions in the other cities Resort, retirement, residential, manufacturing, industrial, military, mining

Economic base of u.s. cities Basic industries: export primarily to consumers outside the settlement Non-basic industries: consumers live in the same community (restaurants, retail, etc.) These create a community’s economic base (what are they known for?) Atlanta? An increase in basic industries LEADS to an increase in non-basic industries…new services needed to provide for the workers attracted to the area for jobs. Examples?

The Central Business District (CBD) : aka “downtown” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8eiDe5drIrw Retail services in the CBD have a high range and threshold (influence & cost). High land costs in the CBD. Expensive rents. Ex: in Tokyo, if your notebook paper was space/a piece of land it would cost $10,000!!!!! Intensive Land Use causes cities to rise vertically = skyscrapers Activities excluded from the CBD Manufacturing (where are they now?) Lack of residents: pull of larger homes, private yards, newer schools in suburbs Push factor of crime, congestion, and poverty, higher property price

Retail Services in CBD Three types of retail services concentrate in the center because they require accessibility to everyone Shops with a high threshold ($$$) Shops with a long range (specialty items/service) Shops that serve people who work in the center (lunch break)

Activities Leaving the CBD Manufacturing: Why? Think about last unit… Lack of resident in CBD: Why?

The Central Business District (CBD) : aka “downtown” Opposite of U.S. Less commercial, more residential Fewer skyscrapers (protected old buildings) Lots of churches and former royal palaces are most prominent Public parks used to be private gardens for rich/kings Businesses would have to renovate old buildings to locate in CBD and that is expensive European “CBDs” …Central Areas

…less need for a CBD. Why? Suburbanization of Business Suburbanization of businesses, retailing, factories and offices Highway systems, residential neighborhoods, and lower cost of land have led to services heading to suburbs Most shopping malls in Atlanta and other cities are in the suburbs. The ideal location is near an interchange on an interstate highway beltway circling the city. Town Center > 75 & 575

Services in developing countries: Periodic Markets Provides goods to residents in LDC’s and rural areas of MDC’s where sparse population does not support a permanent, full time service. Mobile vendors… there one day a week and then move on. Schedule according to folk culture (No market on Friday, the Muslim day of rest) Middle East countries = bazaars

Services in developing countries Developing countries specialize in 2 types of business services Offshore financial services: taxes on incomes lowers in LDC’s, banking secrecy Back-office functions (AKA business process outsourcing BPO): call centers, payroll management, clerical work Find this in LDC countries with high number of English speakers: India, Malaysia, Philippines, British and American colonial rule