7-2 Cell Structures Part 1

Cell Wall provides support and protection for the cell found in plants, algae, fungi, and many prokaryotes made of fibers of carbohydrate (cellulose) and protein secondary cell walls (in woody stems) composed of cellulose,pectin and lignin

Cell Wall

Nucleus controls most cells processes and contains hereditary information (DNA) found in almost all eukaryotic cells Surrounded by the nuclear envelope Double membrane that protects the contents of the nucleus

Within the Nucleus… chromatin and chromosomes chromatin: granular material found in the nucleus, makes up chromosomes chromosomes: threadlike structures made of condensed chromatin that contain genetic information nucleolus Makes ribosomes

Cytoskeleton a network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of movement microtubules: hollow tubes of protein forms centrioles in animal cells to separate chromosomes Also forms cilia and flagella which move some cells microfilaments: long, thin fibers used for movement and support also serve as “tracks” for organelle movement

Cytoskeleton

Organelles in the Cytoplasm Ribosomes Makes proteins

Ribosomes

Organelles in the cytoplasm endoplasmic reticulum (ER) components of cell membrane and some proteins assembled here rough ER has ribosomes attached and responsible for protein synthesis smooth ER contains enzymes that synthesize products such as lipids Also detoxifies poisons

Organelles in the Cytoplasm Golgi apparatus receives proteins made rough ER Sorts, modifies and packages ER products

Organelles in the Cytoplasm vacuoles saclike structures that store water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates plants have large vacuoles

Organelles in the cytoplasm lysosomes small organelles filled with enzymes used to break down nutrients also used to break down old organelles and cell debris

Organelles in the Cytoplasm mitochondria organelles that release energy from stored food molecules bounded by two membranes with folded inner membrane found in all eukaryotic cells

Organelles in the cytoplasm chloroplasts found in plants and some other organisms use energy from sunlight to make energy-rich food molecules during photosynthesis bounded by two membranes with small sacs containing photosynthetic pigments

7-2 Cell Structures Part 3

Organelle DNA chloroplasts and mitochondria contain their own DNA both organelles may be symbiotic descendents of ancient prokaryotes all human mitochondria are inherited from the ovum of the mother

The Cell as a Factory a eukaryotic cell functions much like a factory cytoskeleton: the concrete beams and columns that support the factory as well as move parts and machines throughout the factory nucleus: the main office that send instructions out to the floor ribosomes: the assembly line for proteins

The Cell as a Factory Golgi apparatus: proteins packaged with carbohydrates and lipids to be “shipped” to their final destination mitochondria and chloroplasts: provide the energy for the factory to run chloroplasts: use energy from the sun to make food molecules (plant cells) mitochondria: use the food molecules to produce high-energy compounds (animal and plant cells)

Golgi apparatus vacuoles lysosomes mitochondria chloroplasts receives proteins made rough ER Sorts, modifies and packages ER products vacuoles saclike structures that store water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates plants have large vacuoles lysosomes small organelles filled with enzymes used to break down nutrients also used to break down old organelles and cell debris mitochondria organelles that release energy from stored food molecules chloroplasts found in plants and some other organisms use energy from sunlight to make energy-rich food molecules during photosynthesis