Chapter 15 Section 3 Fascism Rises in Europe Objective: Summarize the rise of fascism in Italy & Germany & describe its impact Vocabulary: Fascism, Benito Mussolini, Adolf Hitler, Nazism, Mein Kampf, & Lebensraum

Fascism’s Rise in Italy Fascism: militant political movement that emphasized loyalty to the state & obedience to its leader Fascism is similar to an extreme type of Nationalism Authoritarian leaders hoped to bring order to the nation Fascism was similar to communism that both were ruled by dictators who denied individual rights However, Fascists did not seek classless societies like communists People lost faith in democratic governments Extreme Nationalism What is Nationalism? Communists were international with classless societies Fascists are nations with social classes

Fascism’s Rise in Italy Italians were disappointed over the failure to win large territorial gains after WWI Rising inflations & unemployment also contributed to widespread social unrest Benito Mussolini: promised to rescue Italy by reviving its economy & rebuilding its armed forces through fascism His followers of fascist were known as the Black Shirts After wide-spread riots, Mussolini legally took power Mussolini or Il Duce abolished democracy & started to take away personal freedoms He abolished democracy & outlawed all political parties except for the Fascists Newspaper editor & politician King Victor Emmanuel III put him in charge of the government Mussolini never took total control

Hitler Rises to Power in Germany Adolf Hitler: leader of Germany He fought in WWI & was awarded the Iron Cross; a medal for bravery Nazism: fascists known as the National Socialist German Workers’ Party The Nazi private army was known as the Brown Shirts Hitler was arrested for trying to seize control of the government in Munich In jail, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf, expressing his beliefs & goals for Germany Volunteered for the German army Swastika Called Germans the Aryans who he considered to be the “master race” Claimed all others were inferior Served 9 months of 5 years “My Struggle” Expressed outrage against Versailles Treaty & vowed to regain German Lands Called Der Fuhrer

Hitler Becomes Chancellor Hitler wanted to expand Germany for the master race of Aryans Lebensraum: living space for German citizens Most Germans ignored him, until the Great Depression & the economy collapsed Germans turned to Hitler for security & firm leadership 1933, Hitler was named chancellor of Germany He used his new power to turn Germany into a totalitarian state Hitler will turn Germany into a totalitarian state

Hitler Becomes Chancellor SS (protection squad, loyal only to Hitler) arrested & murdered hundreds of Hitler’s enemies Hitler put millions of Germans to work, unemployment went from 6 million to 1.5 million Hitler controlled all aspects of German life, similar to Stalin Schoolchildren had to join the Hitler Youth or the League of German Girls Conservative leaders believed they could control Hitler Gestapo were his secret police who made the Germans remain obedient to Hitler Hitler also gained power legally Constructed factories, built highways, manufactured weapons, & served in the military Who also arrested & murdered hundreds of his enemies?

Hitler Makes War on the Jews Anti-Semitism (hatred of Jews) was a key part to Nazi ideology Nazi’s used them as scapegoats for all of Germany’s troubles since WWI Germany passed laws depriving Jews of most of their rights Kristallnacht (Night of the Broken Glass) – signaled real start of eliminating the Jews November 9th 1938, Nazi mobs attacked Jews in their homes & on the streets & destroyed thousands of Jewish-owned buildings Wear the star of david

Chapter 15 Section 4 Aggressors Invade Nations Objective: Compare the attempts by fascist nations to gain power with the efforts of democratic nations to preserve peace Vocabulary: Appeasement, Axis Powers, Francisco Franco, Isolationism, Third Reich, Munich Conference

Japan Seeks An Empire During the Great Depression, military leaders gained support & won control of the country in Japan Instead of establishing a new system of government, they wanted to restore old traditions They kept Emperor Hirohito as head of the state The Japanese militarists were extreme nationalists Puppet government

Japan Invades Manchuria Military leaders planned a Pacific empire to provide Japan with raw materials In 1931, the Japanese army seized Manchuria (province in China) The League of Nations protested Japanese aggression in Manchuria Japan ignored the League of Nations & left the league in 1933 China’s capital Nanjing fell to the Japanese in 1937 Nanjing Massacre (Rape of Nanking) around 300,000 Chinese were killed & over 20,000 women were raped by the Japanese

European Aggressors on the March To avenge the Italian defeat in late 1890s, Mussolini ordered a massive invasion of Ethiopia The League of Nations condemned the attack but did nothing, Britain & France hoped to keep peace in Europe Hitler took greater risks to rearm Germany, openly violating the Treaty of Versailles Appeasement: giving into an aggressor to keep peace Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, & Japan Hitler admitted that he would have backed down if the French & British had challenged him

Civil War Erupts in Spain The Spanish government run by socialist went to war against the fascist General Francisco Franco Hitler & Mussolini sent troops & aid to help Franco’s forces in Spain Western democracies in Europe remained neutral Franco became Spain’s Fascist dictator in 1939 Test out their army & new weapons

Democratic Nations Try To Preserve Peace Americans supported isolationism (belief that political ties to other countries should be avoided) Congress passed Neutrality Acts (banning loans & sales of arms to nations at war) Third Reich: German Empire Hitler wanted to absorb Austria & Czechoslovakia into this empire Austria supported unity even though it went against the Treaty of Versailles The Czechs asked France for help Anschluss Sudetenland had 3 million Germans

Britain & France Again Choose Appeasement Munich Conference: meeting between Germany, France, Britain, & Italy Britain & France agreed to let Hitler take the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia Prime Minister Chamberlain claimed “I believe it is peace for our time” 6 months later Hitler took over all of Czechoslovakia On August 23, 1939, Hitler & Stalin signed a nonaggression pact Do you notice there is a country missing from this meeting?