Section 2 Spain builds an empire

I. Spain Builds an Empire Conquistadors-Spanish explorers who claimed lands in the Americas for Spain. B. Spain gave the conquistadors the power to establish settlements in turn they had to give Spain 1/5 of the gold or treasure they found. C. All conquistadors were hunting for gold and treasure to become rich Came in for the 3 G’s- GOD, GLORY, GOLD

II. Hernando Cortes and the Aztecs Montezuma, emperor of the Aztec, welcomed Cortez into Tenochtitlan. Cortes took advantage of the greeting and won over most of the Aztecs. Believed he was the fulfillment of a prophecy. (Quetzacoatl- fair haired and fair skinned) Aztecs were recovering from a Civil War that weakened them overall. Cortes gained the help of all the people who had been conquered by the Aztecs and retook the city. Cortes killed Montezuma then destroyed the city.

III. Francisco Pizarro vs Incas Pizarro sailed down the Pacific coast with 200 soldiers 1532 they invaded the Incas capital. Pizarro invited emperor Atahualpa to a meeting and took him hostage. Forced them to pay a large ransom in gold, which they did- BUT killed him anyway. Without a leader the Incas backed down and surrendered. 1535 Pizarro controlled most of the Incan empire.

IV. Reasons for Spanish Victory Aztecs/Incas Superior military equipment Steel armor Guns Horses European diseases Chickenpox Measles Influenza Weak military equipment Bows & arrows Spears clubs Never seen horses and were very scared of the animals. Aztecs did not fight as hard as they could have (Cultural Differences) Thought the Spanish were gods. Incas were weak after fighting among themselves for control over empire.

V. Spanish Borderlands Searched for gold and treasure from present day Florida to California. Juan Pounce de Leon traveled through Florida looking for the fountain of youth. Indians claimed that anyone who bathed in its magical water would remain young forever. No fountain was found.

VI. Hernando De Soto Hernando De Soto explored Florida and parts of the Southeast from 1539-1542 searching for gold. De Soto reached the banks of the Mississippi where he died without finding the gold. Hernando De Soto explored North Mississippi and made his way through Hernando. De Soto made his way from present day Hernando to Lake Cormorant where he discovered the Mississippi River

Hernando

VII. Francisco Coronado In 1540 Coronado led expeditions in Arizona and New Mexico looking for the “seven cities of gold”. Some of his party made it as far as the Grand Canyon but found no such cities. Spanish expeditions in the borderlands were not successful and they had to deal with strong Indian resistance.

VIII. Settling New Spain Spain let the conquistadors govern the conquered lands. They very terrible at it. 1. given land and natives on it 2. had to house, feed and take them to church B. King took their power away and set up a new strong system of government. C. 1535- The king divided the American lands into New Spain and Peru. D. Land was divided into viceroyalties 1. A viceroy was put in charge to rule in the Kings name. E. Laws of the Indies stated how the colonies should be organized and ruled

IX. Settlements of New Spain Laws of the Indies set up three types of settlements Pueblos Presidios Missions Pueblos-towns were centers of farming and trade. In the center was a plaza (town square) Spanish would take over Indian pueblos and added Spanish touches. 1598 Juan de Onate founded the colony of New Mexico. Don Pedro de Paralta later founded Santa Fe as the capital of New Mexico

Settlements of New Spain Cont’d Presidios-forts where soldiers lived. Inside its walls were shops, stables, and storehouses. Soldiers protected the farmers and settlers near by. St. Augustine was the first Presidio set up in 1565. Missions-religious settlements run by Catholic priests and friars Spanish believed they had a duty to convert Indians to Christianity. Slowly set up missions around the borderlands.

X. Society in New Spain Laws of The Indies also set up strict social Systems The people were divided into four(4) classes: Peninsulas, creoles, mestizos, and Indians Peninsulares- Born in Spain, they held the highest jobs in government and the church. -Owned large tracts of land as well as gold and silver mines. Creoles- born in the Americas to Spanish Parents Wealthy Owned farms and ranches Taught at Universities Practiced law ** could not hold jobs in government and church

Social Classes A. Mestizos- Mixed Spanish and Indian. Worked farms and ranches Carpenters Shoemakers tailors Bakers B. Indians-lowest class Treated as conquered people Kept in poverty Slaves

Peninsulares

Creoles

Mestizos

Blended Culture A. Spanish brought B. Indians offered Their own culture Language Religion And learning B. Indians offered Food Clothing(poncho, moccasins) Adobe bricks (churches, libraries, theaters) art

XI. Slave trade begins With still more Indians dying and not enough of them to work the mines, they looked west for a way to solve this problem. De Las Casas suggested Africans because he thought they were less likely to die in the mines and of European diseases because they were used to hard labor and illness in Africa. Africans suffered just as badly.

Slave Trade Spreads The demand for the slaves grew. Sugar and Tobacco plantations need the workers to keep up with demand. 1. Plantation-Large estate farmed by many workers. 2. Sugar could not be grown on small plots of land. C. Slaves worked all day and night cutting sugar cane. D. 10 million slaves crossed the Atlantic from 1500-1800. E. Most slaves were sent to Brazil and Caribbean. F. Spanish Settlers made large profits by exporting crops and raw materials back to Spain.