AP Psychology Feb. 8th Objective Opener: Review Evaluate the main personality perspectives by completing a graphic organizer. Ego Instinct Superego Idealistic Id Reality

Neo-Freudians They Accept: In addition, they recognize: notions of id, ego, superego dynamics of anxiety and defense mechanisms importance of unconscious shaping of personality in childhood In addition, they recognize: the importance of conscious motivations and social interaction Instead of strictly sex and aggression, higher motives also underlie motivation

Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious Personal Unconscious Portion of the unconscious corresponding roughly to Freud’s id Collective Unconscious Jung’s addition to the unconscious, involving a reservoir for instinctive “memories” including the archetypes, which exist in all people Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious Archetypes Animus Anima Shadow Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious Archetypes Animus The male archetype Anima The female archetype Shadow Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious Archetypes Animus Archetype representing the destructive and aggressive tendencies we don’t want to recognize in ourselves Anima Shadow Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Jung’s Opposing Tendencies in Personality Table 10.2 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Karen Horney: A Feminist Voice in Psychodynamic Psychology Basic Anxiety An emotion that gives a sense of uncertainty and loneliness on a hostile world and can lead to maladjustment Neurotic Needs Signs of neurosis in Horney’s theory, these ten needs are normal desires carried to a neurotic extreme Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Horney’s Ten Neurotic Needs Table 10.3 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Humanistic Perspective Maslow (1908-70) studied self-actualization processes of productive and healthy people (e.g., Lincoln) Focuses on people’s unique capacity for choice, responsibility and growth

Humanistic Perspective Personality reflects where you are in the hierarchy of needs if your physiological needs are met, you become concerned with personal safety, then love, and so on… Problems arise from failure to satisfy needs

Humanistic Perspective Self-Actualization the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self- esteem is achieved the motivation to fulfill one’s potential

Humanistic Perspective Rogers’ Person-Centered Humanistic Approach Unconditional Positive Regard an attitude of total acceptance toward another person Conditions of growth People nurture our growth by being Genuine, accepting, empathic Self-Concept all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in an answer to the question, “Who am I?” Positive when ideal self and actual self are similar Problems when ideal and actual are incongruent Personality comes from self-concept

Were the humanists right? Also influential on western culture Emphasizes individuality Optimistic view of human potential for positive growth Criticisms: Too optimistic? Drives for growth and self-actualization are sometimes expressed and sometimes not Focus on self can lead to self-indulgence, selfishness, erosion of moral restraints

Contemporary Research - The Trait Perspective a characteristic pattern of behavior a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self- report inventories and peer reports Personality Inventory a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree- disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors used to assess selected personality traits

The Trait Perspective UNSTABLE STABLE choleric melancholic phlegmatic sanguine INTROVERTED EXTRAVERTED Moody Anxious Rigid Sober Pessimistic Reserved Unsociable Quiet Sociable Outgoing Talkative Responsive Easygoing Lively Carefree Leadership Passive Careful Thoughtful Peaceful Controlled Reliable Even-tempered Calm Touchy Restless Aggressive Excitable Changeable Impulsive Optimistic Active Eysenck – uses two primary personality factors to describe personality variation Stable-unstable Introverted- extroverted

The Trait Perspective Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests People answer groups of questions about how they typically think, act, and feel Responses compared to averages compiled from large groups of prior test takers (standardized!) originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still its most appropriate use) now used for many other screening purposes, such as job placement – hmmm…

The Trait Perspective Empirically Derived Test a test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups (e.g., suicidal and not) such as the MMPI Have you stopped beating your wife?

The Trait Perspective MMPI Example MMPI test profiles Higher T scores indicate problems Group differences are evident

The Big Five The best (so far) index of personality Big 5 traits are stable*, 50% heritable, culturally generalizable Outcomes are reasonably valid and reliable

Social-Cognitive Perspective (Bandura) Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons and their social context Experience, plus how people interpret experience, determine personality growth and development Emphasizes learned behaviors over innate nature

Social-Cognitive Perspective Reciprocal Determinism the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors Beliefs, behavior, and environment interact to shape what you learn from experience

Social-Cognitive Perspective

Social-Cognitive Perspective Personal Control our sense of controlling our environments rather than feeling helpless External Locus of Control the perception that chance or outside forces beyond one’s personal control determine one’s fate

Social-Cognitive Perspective Internal Locus of Control the perception that one controls one’s own fate Learned Helplessness the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events Dog experiments

Social-Cognitive Perspective Positive Psychology the scientific study of optimal human functioning aims to discover and promote conditions that enable individuals and communities to thrive

Is the social-cognitive approach right? Idea that some personality traits are learned is widely accepted, as is the role of cognitive factors in learning Example: Expectations and beliefs Criticisms: Over-emphasizes how a person responds in particular situations rather than on traits of person as a whole Under-emphasizes biological, genetic factors in development

Exploring the Self Morality Defined by individuals Defined by social networks (self-based) (duty-based) Attributing Behavior reflects one’s personality Behavior reflects social behaviors and attitudes and roles Value Contrasts Between Individualism and Collectivism Concept Individualism Collectivism Self Independent Interdependent (identity from individual traits) identity from belonging) Life task Discover and express one’s Maintain connections, fit in uniqueness What matters Me--personal achievement and We-group goals and solidarity; fulfillment; rights and liberties social responsibilities and relationships Coping method Change reality Accommodate to reality Relationships Many, often temporary or casual; Few, close and enduring; confrontation acceptable harmony valued

What about genetic factors? Are identical twins highly similar in personality, even when raised apart? And: Are identicals more similar than fraternals? MMPI scores indicate yes, irrespective of raising environment At least some traits are genetically determined However: How they are expressed may depend on environment

Personality Disorders Long-standing maladaptive personality patterns Cluster A Cluster B Cluster C Paranoid Anti-social Avoidant Schizoid Borderline Dependent Schizotypal Histrionic Obsessive- Compulsive Narcissistic OCD v OCPD Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

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“ Personality Disorder Party” copyright 2006 www.brainybetty.com; All Rights Reserved. 7/10/2019

Psychology Gallery Walk Prep. Create a poster on your assigned Personality Disorder that includes the following Description of Disorder Examples of fictional characters that might be diagnosed with this order. How they would be explained by each perspective At least one chart At least 2 visuals All group members must be experts in your disorder and psychologists as you will be required to teach small groups (including me!) about your topics in a Gallery Walk! Think Museum of Psychology  copyright 2006 www.brainybetty.com; All Rights Reserved. 7/10/2019

Topics Cluster A Cluster B Cluster C Choose 1 Cluster B Anti-social PD Borderline PD Narcissistic PD Cluster C Apply the following theories to explain these disorders Freudian Neo-Freudian Humanistic Trait Behavioral (socio-cognitive) copyright 2006 www.brainybetty.com; All Rights Reserved. 7/10/2019