in Advancement The Next Really BIG SMALL Thing D. JAGAN MOHAN New Technology Research Centre University of West Bohemia Plzen, Czech Republic

OUTLINE Nano..History Nano..Technology in today’s life Nano..Materials Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) Applications Advantages/Disadvantages

Physics Chemistry NANOSCIENCE….. ……Incorporation of many disciplines Engineering Chemistry Molecular Biology Material Science

1 nm = 0.000000001 m Nanotechnology is the creation and use of materials or devices at extremely small scales. Nano is Greek for “dwarf” Manipulation of matter < 100nm (1 10,000th the size of a bacterium) 80,000X smaller than a human hair 10 hydrogen atoms lined up measure about 1 nm A grain of sand is 1 million nm

How small is Nanoscale……..? A nanometer is… ………one billionth of a meter DNA Sample Approx. 2 nm Human hair Approx. 1 X 10-5 nm

Is Gold Always …….“Gold”…..? Cutting down a cube of gold If you have a cube of pure gold and cut it, what color would the pieces be..? Now you cut those pieces. What color will each of the pieces be? If you keep doing this - cutting each block in half - will the pieces of gold always look “gold”?

Nano-Gold Well… strange things happen at the small scale If you keep cutting until the gold pieces are in the nanoscale range, they don’t look gold anymore… They look RED! Nanoparticles of gold can appear red, orange or even blue depending on size. Nano-Gold colloids exhibit different colours at different sizes and concentrations

Are You a Nano……bit curious…..? Nano…sized particles exhibit different properties than larger particles of the same substance Learn more about the nature of matter Develop new theories Discover new questions and answers in many areas, including health care, energy, and technology Figure out how to make new products and technologies that can improve people’s lives

History “Why cannot we write the entire 24 volumes of the Encyclopedia Britannica on the head of a pin?” Dr. Richard P. Feynman (1918-1988) 1959 R. Feynman Delivers “ Plenty of Room at the Bottom” 1974 First Molecular Electronic Device Patented 1981 Scanning Tunneling Microscopic (STM) 1986 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) Invented 1987 First single-electron transistor created 1991 Carbon Nanotubes Discovered

Nanoscience is about the phenomena that occur in systems with nanometer dimensions. top-down Photolitography Microprinting Nanocluster 0.1 nm 1 nm 10 nm 100 nm 1 m 10 m Biomolecules bottom-up Organic synthesis Self-assembly

Composition Reactivity Structure Nanoparticle Properties Melting / Boiling Composition Reactivity Bonding

Nanoscale Size Effect Realization of miniaturized devices and systems while providing more functionality Attainment of high surface area to volume ratio Manifestation of novel phenomena and properties, including changes in… Physical Properties (e.g. melting point) Chemical Properties (e.g. reactivity) Electrical Properties (e.g. conductivity) Mechanical Properties (e.g. strength) Optical Properties (e.g. light emission)

Light to See Light microscope The naked eye can see to about 20 microns Light microscopes let us see to about 1 micron A human hair is about 50-100 microns thick Bounce light off of surfaces to create images Red blood cells (400x) Light microscope (magnification up to 1000x)

Bounce electrons off of surfaces to create images Electrons to See Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs), invented in the 1930s, to see objects as small as 10 nanometers Bounce electrons off of surfaces to create images Higher resolution due to small size of electrons Blood Cells Greater resolution to see things like blood cells in greater detail

Touching the Surface Scanning probe microscopes, developed in the 1980s, give us a new way to “see” at the nanoscale We can now see really small things, like atoms, and move them too! This is about how big atoms are compared with the tip of the microscope

Types of Nanomaterial Nanotube Nanopowder Carbon nanotubes are tiny strips of graphite sheet rolled into tubes a few nanometers in diameter and up to hundreds of micrometers (microns) long. Building blocks (less than 100 nm in diameter) for more complex nanostructures.

Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) CNT is a tubular form of carbon with diameter as small as 1nm. Length: few nm to microns. 100 time stronger than steel and very flexible CNT is configurationally equivalent to a two dimensional graphene sheet rolled into a tube. If added to materials like car bumpers, increases strength and flexibility Efficient electrical conductors Can act as both thermal conductors and thermal insulators

CNT Multiple Wall CNT (MWCNT) Single Wall CNT (SWCNT) SWNT can be conceptualized by wrapping a one-atom-thick layer of graphite called graphene into a seamless cylinder. (diameter ~ 1nm) Multiple rolled layers of graphene sheets (5-50 nm) More resistant to chemical changes than SWNTs

Nanotube Discovery of CNT Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube (MWNT) [ Sumio Ijyma (Nature,1991)] Single-Walled carbon Nanotube (SWNT) [ Ijyma, Bethune et al. (1993)] Single Crystals of SWNT [ R.R.Schlittler et al. (Science, May 2001)]

Carbon Buckyballs (C60) Incredible strength due to their bond structure and “soccer ball” shape Could be useful “shells” for drug delivery Can penetrate cell walls Are nonreactive (move safely through blood stream)

Advantages Precise Nanomaterials Industrial Durable Stronger Lighter Cheaper Durable Precise Industrial Computers can become a billion times faster and a million times smaller Medical Automatic Pollution Cleanup End of Illnesses (i.e. cancer, heart disease) Manufacturing at almost no cost Universal Immunity (i.e. aids, flu) Body Sculpting(i.e. change your appearance)

Applications Materials Electronics Energy Life Sciences Electronics Nano Transistors Nano Diodes OLED Materials Nanotubes Aerogel Nanoparticles Applications Energy Batteries Fuel cells Solar cells Life Sciences Targeted Drug Delivery Artificial Retina Tissue Regeneration Electronics Plasma Displays Quantum Computers

Nano-development Power shirt Super thin battery The perfect match for the power tie? Meet the "Power Shirt," a piece of nanotechnology-infused clothing that will be able to generate enough electricity to power small electronic devices for soldiers in the field, hikers, or just about anyone whose physical motion can be harnessed and converted to electrical energy. Concept: Backed by Thin-film nanotechnology, super thin battery is capable of generating power up to 10-20 times more than regular batteries. Boasting of merely 200 microns thickness, it is thinner than a sheet of paper. It consists of lithium phosphorus oxynitride (LiPON) that imparts it with its flexible quality and increased storage capacity. In addition, it gets charged up to 80% in just 15 minutes.

Information Technology Nanotechnology in Every field Energy Solar cells Fuel cells Batteries Bio fuels Information Technology Smaller, faster, more energy efficient and powerful computing and other IT-based systems Consumer Foods Foods and beverages Advanced packaging materials, sensors, Appliances and textiles Stain proof, water proof / wrinkle free textiles Household and cosmetics Self-cleaning and scratch free products, paints Medicine Cancer treatment Bone treatment Drug delivery Appetite control Drug development Medical tools Diagnostic tests Imaging

Disadvantages Loss of jobs (in manufacturing, farming, etc) Carbon Nanotubes could cause infection of lungs Oil & Diamonds could become worthless Atomic weapons could be more accessible and destructive

CONCLUSION….. Nanotechnology is an enabling technology that will change the nature of almost every human-made object in the next century.” The Beginning…

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