Unit 11 Organic Chemistry

Bonding In Carbon Atoms Covalent Carbon always forms 4 bonds Can form both polar and non-polar compounds Being organic means you have carbon Non-electrolytes Molecular Solids Low Melting points and Low boiling points

Hydrocarbons Compounds that are made of just hydrogen and carbon Form the backbone of many types of organic compounds The hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon can be replaced with other atoms or bonds to form new organic compounds

Properties of Hydrocarbons Covalent Polar Bonds but Non-Polar molecules Soft Solids(Think Butter) or Liquids, or gases at room temperature Bonds are weak Contain a lot of energy in the bonds and so they are used as fuels

Alkanes Hydrocarbons that contain all single Hydrogen and Carbon Bonds These are SATURATED because every carbon is using the maximum number of bonds (all single bonds) Used primarily for energy More carbon = more energy More carbon = higher MP and BP More carbon = stronger structure

Saturated Vs. Unsaturated Saturated hydrocarbons contain the maximum number of bonds possible All single bonds, no unused spaces In nutrition, these are the bad stored fats that we are told to avoid Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons

Unsaturated These are hydrocarbons that do not have the maximum number of bonds In these molecules we have spaces created by double or triple bonds within the chain Alkenes and Alkynes are unsaturated Nutritionally these are the “good” fats that we should be getting in our diets

Alkenes Hydrocarbon with at least ONE carbon-carbon double bond Double bond makes these stronger than alkanes Have higher melting and boiling points Position of the double bond needs to be indicated in the name Start with Ethene because of we need at least two carbons for the 2x bond

How do I name an Alkene? Carbon with the double bond MUST have the lowest number possible Once this is established, name and number all groups making sure the double bond keeps its lowest number All alkenes end with “ene” Can be branched

Alkynes Hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond End with “yne” These are the strongest hydrocarbons due to the triple bone Have high melting points and high boiling points Start with ethyne because we need at least 2 carbons for the 3x bond

How do I name an Alkyne Carbon with the triple bond must have the LOWEST number possible in the chain Once this is established, name and number all attached groups as before Check to make sure the triple bond has the lowest number Name with location numbers and end with “yne”