Semiconductors Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors (i.e., metals and metal alloys) and insulators (i.e., ceramics and polymers). Furthermore, the electrical characteristics of these materials are extremely sensitive to the presence of minute concentrations of impurity atoms, for which the concentrations may be controlled over very small spatial regions. Semiconductors are used in integrated circuits and computer industries.  

Biomaterials Biomaterials are employed in components implanted into the human body to replace diseased or damaged body parts. The conditions that should be provided in the biomaterials: must not produce toxic substances. must be compatible with body tissues (i.e., must not cause adverse biological reactions)

Smart materials Smart materials have properties that react to changes in their environment. This means that one of their properties can be changed by an external effect, such as temperature, light, pressure or electricity. There are a wide range of different smart materials, some examples are as following: Pizoelectric materials Magnetic shape memory alloys pH-sensitive polymers Chromogenic systems Photomechanical materials Self-healing materials Thermoelectric materials

Nanomaterials The nano term denotes that the dimensions of these structural entities are on the order of a nanometer (10–9m) as a rule, less than 100 nanometers. Another definition of Nanomaterials or the Nanoparticles are the set of particles or the substances where have at least one dimension is less than approximately 100nm. Physical properties: Size, shape, specific surface area, aspect ratio Agglomeration/ aggregation state Size distribution Surface morphology/topography Structure, including degree of crystalline and defect structure Solubility