Life cycle of the anther-smut fungus Microbotryum lychnidis-dioicae. Life cycle of the anther-smut fungus Microbotryum lychnidis-dioicae. Diploid (2N) teliospores are produced in anthers of diseased plants, being heterozygous at all mating-type genes. The teliospores are dispersed to healthy plants by pollinators, wind or splashing. Once on a new plant, teliospores undergo meiosis. In the nectar of flowers, haploid sporidia (N) multiply clonally without mating until the flower wilts, after which flowers fall in male plants. On vegetative tissues where teliospores fall from flowers or by splashing, quick intra-tetrad mating occurs, preventing any haploid phase, producing dikaryotic infectious hyphae (N+N) penetrating the plant. In dikaryotic hyphae, there is exactly one nucleus of each mating type in each cell, preventing competition between mating types for replication and transmission. The flowers produced from infected meristems will produced diseased flowers. Pictures from López-Villavicencio et al. (2007) and Schäfer et al. (2010) © Canadian Science Publishing or its licensors. Anna Liza Bazzicalupo et al. G3 2019;9:1987-1998 ©2019 by Genetics Society of America