Additional analysis of Nutritional Indicators and Children’s Development Santiago Cueto GRADE Lima, Peru

Neonatal Iron Status and Temperament* Temperament: “Biologically rooted individual differences in behavior tendencies that are present early in life and are relatively stable across various kinds of situations and over the course of time.” * Based on Wachs, Pollitt, Cueto, Jacoby & Creed-Kanashiro (2005). Relation of neonatal iron status to individual variability in neonatal temperament. Developmental Psychobiology, 46, 141-153

Neonatal Iron Status and Temperament: Main results

Height and weight as predictors of achievement, grade repetition and dropout in rural Peru   In high school Repeated grade(s) Dropped out M SD Height for age -2.2a 1.0 0.9 -2.3a Student's age 11.4a 1.7 11.0a 1.5 13.1b 2.1 Weight for age -1.4a 0.8 0.7 -1.3a Body mass index 17.1a 16.9a 1.4 18.5b 2.3

Height and weight: Hierarchical Linear Models Results* Achievement in reading comprehension and mathematics in 4th grade predicted achievement two years later, as well as (indirectly) gender (males, only for reading) and maternal language (Spanish). Achievement was also associated with grade in school. Achievement and Spanish speaking predicted entering high school without repeating a grade. Dropping out was associated with gender (females p<0.05), student age (+, p<0.001) and Height for age z-score (+, p<0.10). * Based on Cueto, S. (2005). Height, weight and education achievement in rural Peru. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 26(2), S251-S260.

Young Lives: An International Study of Childhood Poverty (I) Purpose: “To develop and document a strategy that uses evidence from longitudinal quantitative and qualitative research and policy analysis to influence the development and implementation of pro-poor policies in order to reduce childhood poverty in the study countries and, via dissemination of lessons learned, globally.” Longitudinal study carried out in Ethiopia, India (Andra Pradesh), Peru and Vietnam Two cohorts: 2.000 children ages 6 to 17 months and 1.000 children ages 7.5 to 8.5 years in 2002; 2nd round of data is being collected now and will continue until 2015.

Young Lives: Perspectives for analysis Two rounds of data on several individual, family and community variables related to causes and consequences of growing up in poverty, including information on public and private programs. Surveys include anthropometric and cognitive and achievement measures of children (Raven, vocabulary, and mathematics): opportunity to explore relations in different socioeconomic contexts and altitudes. Reports published include information on effects of having a newborn on income diversification and potential income of FTA on children’s wellbeing. More information on www.younglives.org.uk (including surveys and data from round 1) or www.ninosdelmilenio.org or write me scueto@grade.org.pe