Do Now: Grab today’s Agenda (5:1). Look on the back to see which excerpt you will be reading – the Bible, Aristotle, or Copernicus. Sit at the appropriate table – there is more than one table per reading so no more than two per table. If the table is full, find another table! Complete the back side of the Agenda – on your own!

The Bible Aristotle Copernicus Illustration of the Universe Key points about their theory concerning the Universe

Objective: The Scientific Revolution WHII.6a TSWDK of scientific, political, economic, and religious changes during the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries by describing the Scientific Revolution and its effects.

The Scientific Revolution Science Scientific Groundbreakers New Science

Science Define Systematic knowledge of the physical or material world gained through observation and experimentation. To consider: Subject matter Theories and hypotheses Descriptions Methods of observation and/or investigation

Science Old Science Before the 18th century… Science was referred to as natural philosophy, and was to varying degrees entangled with moral philosophy, theology, numerology, and magic. In the Middle Ages, the word “science” was used to mean “knowledge” in a generic sense. Science meant just the theoretical study of nature, it had for a growing number become associated with specific ways of thought and methods that we would now consider scientific.

Science Old Science By the 19th century… The word “scientist” was first used to replace the earlier term “natural philosopher,” and “science” referred primarily to the, by then, well-differentiated fields of physics, chemistry, and biology.

Science Old Beliefs According to the Bible… According to Aristotle… Copernicus Illustration of the Universe Key points about their theory concerning the Universe

Science Old Beliefs Geocentric Theory – the theory that the sun, and all the stars and planets, revolve around the Earth.

Science Old Beliefs A motionless earth was the center of the universe. It was surrounded by water, beyond which was an envelope of air, in turn ringed by fire. This realm was imperfect and changeable. In it, the four elements of earth, water, air, and fire existed everywhere as varied mixtures, with heavy earth and water constantly striving downwards and light air and fire striving to rise. The whole was enclosed, and air as well as fire stopped from escaping upwards, by a set of nested, concentric transparent heavenly spheres of crystal, the end of each touching the edge of the next (like an onion). The spheres moved around the earth, sliding against each other in a regular circular motion carrying with them the heavenly bodies, embedded in one of them: the moon, five planets, the sun (between Mars and Venus), and the fixed stars. Beyond these was the habitation of God and of saved souls.

Science Old Beliefs Human life mirrored the physical universe, which deeply affected human affairs. Movements of heavenly bodies influenced what humans did and what happened to them. Parts of the body were “ruled” by planets and signs of the zodiac. Astrology, barely if at all distinguished from astronomy, was therefore enormously important in decision-making by rulers and commoners alike.

Scientific Groundbreakers Nicolaus Copernicus 1473-1543 Polish astronomer The world according to Copernicus…

The Bible Aristotle Copernicus Illustration of the Universe Key points about their theory concerning the Universe

Scientific Groundbreakers Nicolaus Copernicus 1473-1543 Polish astronomer The world according to Copernicus… Developed heliocentric theory; that the earth revolves around the sun.

Scientific Groundbreakers Johannes Kepler 1571-1630 German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer

Scientific Groundbreakers Johannes Kepler 1571-1630 German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer Developed law of planetary motion; that the planets move in an ellipse around the sun.

Scientific Groundbreakers Galileo Galielei 1564-1642 Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher

Scientific Groundbreakers Galileo Galielei 1564-1642 Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher Improved the telescope to see further out into space. Proved heliocentric theory.

Scientific Groundbreakers Isaac Newton 1642-1727 English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, philosopher, alchemist, theologian

Scientific Groundbreakers Isaac Newton 1642-1727 English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, philosopher, alchemist, theologian Formulated law of gravity, which proved Kepler’s law of planetary motion, which further proved heliocentricism.

Scientific Groundbreakers Francis Bacon 1561-1626 English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist, and author.

Scientific Groundbreakers Francis Bacon 1561-1626 English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist, and author. Developed the scientific method, a way by which scientists come to conclusions about the world around them.

Scientific Groundbreakers Rene Descartes 1596-1650 French philosopher and mathematician Father of Modern Philosophy

Scientific Groundbreakers William Harvey 1578-1657 English physician

Scientific Groundbreakers William Harvey 1578-1657 English physician Discovered the circulation of the blood – blood pumped through body by the heart.

New Science Scientific Revolution Era where development in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, medicine, and chemistry transformed views of society and nature. Began toward the ends of the Renaissance (16th century) and continued through the late 18th century. Importance of the scientific revolution: Emphasis on reason and systematic observation of nature Formulation of scientific method Expansion of scientific knowledge

Conclusion The Scientific Revolution was an era of development in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, medicine, and chemistry. With its emphasis on reasoned observation and systematic measurement, the Scientific Revolution changed the way people viewed the world and their place in it. Exit Question!!