A New Civilization Emerges in Western Europe Ch. 10 WHAP A New Civilization Emerges in Western Europe

Quick Write What were the factors in the decline of the Byzantine Empire? (List 4) Turkish invasions seized Asiatic portions of empire Reduced food supplies and tax base of empire Growing economic and political power of western Europe Western crusade in 1204 temporarily conquered Byzantine capital Slavic kingdoms in Balkans challenged Byzantine authority Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople in 1453.

Feudalism; legal and military customs, prevalent in medieval Europe, between the 9th & 15th “In the name of God, St. Michael and St. George, I dub thee knight. Be Valiant”

Review In the first centuries of the current era one of the great power of the world was Rome. All Southern Europe, Africa and parts of Asia was controlled by the Romans The Mediterranean, was the great trade route of the known world, it was theirs, and the countries bordering upon it became the provinces of Rome By the end of the 5th century, Roman imperial government had come to an end in the West as that half of the empire was thoroughly overrun by Germanic people

Europe Europe is relatively small but had a huge impact on western civilization Dense forests – food & wood Mineral rich earth – food & gold Seas – food & trade Large rivers – food & transportation Mountain – natural protection

Problems in the West The postclassical West suffered from several key problems; The political fragmentation of Italy The Muslim conquest of Spain Viking raids A decline in intellectual life.

Political - Feudalism It is an effective political organization, usually local and manorialistic which created an oppressive system of political and economic organization between landlords and peasants, many of whom were serfs.

Feudalism The key military and political system in the Middle Ages was feudalism, a system in which greater lords provided protection and land or fief to lesser lords, called vassals; in turn owed their lords military service, some goods or payments and advice. The introduction of feudal monarchy generally took time; through William the conqueror introduced feudal monarchy to England following his invasion of 1066.

Manorialism Manorialism represented the economic portion of feudalism All aspects of life were centered on the lord’s manor including the village, church, farm land and mill. It involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor or rents for access to land. Manorialism also encompassed the political relations between the Lord of the Manor and his peasants. This allowed the Lord of the Manor governmental power which included the maintenance of a court.

The Lord of the Manor had the following rights The right of common oven which required vassals to make use of the mill, the oven, of the lord. The right of jurisdiction under manorialism gave judicial power to the lord of the manor. These provided revenue by the payment of fines The right of disinheritance by which he could claim the goods of a person who died on their lands and had no direct heir. They also had the right of claiming a tax when a fief or domain changed hands.

Clovis He was the first king to unite all of the Frankish tribes under one ruler. He changing the form of leadership from royal chieftains to rule by a single king. Also ensuring that the kingship was passed down to his heirs Clovis’s conversion to Christianity helped him govern the Franks.

Charlemagne Charlemagne established a substantial empire in France and Germany around the year 800, but his empire did not survive his death as Europe split increasingly into regional monarchies. Frankish kings could not protect people from the invading Vikings. The people turned to local lords for protection Feudal warfare was common in Europe. If a lord and his vassal performed their duties, there was peace and good government.

After Charlemagne there was Political fragmentation. The kings had less power because countries were divided into areas controlled by feudal lords. - There were many barbaric tribes. Why was Europe divided? German political traditions differed - People were loyal to a tribe, not to a country. German legal traditions differed - They had laws for individual tribes. German cultural traditions - They had no written literature, and symbols were used for testaments.

Feudal lords cut into aristocratic power In 1215 noblemen forced King John to sign the Magna Carta, and parliaments served as further checks on royal authority. Western Europe’s expansionist impulse led to the conquest of Spain, the first European steps in the Americas, and ( spurred on by pope Urban II) the crusades. Though the crusades ultimately ended in defeat, they opened Western Europe eyes to new possibilities, particularly for trade. Several important reforms impacted the church, including those advocated by the Franciscans, the Order of Saint Clare, the pope Gregory VII. The investiture controversy helped give the church power over monarchies.

The Church The Christian church was the most organized institution in Western Europe. It had a relatively clear hierarchy and established a chain of monasteries. Knowledge survived only in monasteries, there were very few schools. Many of the old arts and crafts were lost. Monks (men) and Nuns (women) lived apart from the rest of the world in monasteries & convents or orders Monks and nuns performed may roles in the middle ages. They provided shelter, they taught others to read and write, prepared medicine, sewed clothes for others, and helped others in times of need. They spent most of their time praying and meditating.

Organization of the Church Parishes A group of Parishes lead by a Bishop Local parish priests Archbishop Bishopric or diocese Church of Rome Pope Head of the church

-. Feudal lords cut into aristocratic power - Feudal lords cut into aristocratic power. In 1215 noblemen forced King John to sign the Magna Carta, and parliaments served as further checks on royal authority. - Western Europe’s expansionist impulse led to the conquest of Spain, the first European steps in the Americas, and 9 spurred on by pope Urban II) the crusades. Though the crusades ultimately ended in defeat, they opened Western Europe eyes to new possibilities, particularly for trade. - Several important reforms impacted the church, including those advocated by the Franciscans, the Order of Saint Clare, the pope Gregory VII. The investiture controversy helped give the church power over monarchies. - Several key creative characterized the High Middle Ages

The moldboard and three-field system gradually improved agriculture Agricultural advances, population increases and growing towns helped breathe economic and cultural vitality into Europe after 900.