Bellwork: Thurs. Feb 9, 2017 1. What is the relationship between these pictures? (embryos and homologous structures) Word bank: Vestigial Homologous Analogous 2. What is the relationship between these pictures? (bird and Insect wing) shrew 3. What is the relationship between these pictures? mole

1. What is the relationship between these pictures?

2. What is the relationship between these pictures?

3. What is the relationship between these pictures? http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/09/150911-blind-cavefish-animals-science-vision-evolution/ shrew mole 3. What is the relationship between these pictures?

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Geologic Time Scale Geologists and paleontologists have built a time line of Earth’s history. The basic divisions of the geologic time scale are eons, eras, and periods.

It is divided into 4 eras - The Geologic Time Scale is based on fossil evidence in Earth’s rocks & the age of the rocks. It is divided into 4 eras - Which are divided into subdivisions called periods.

Geologic time begins with Precambrian Time, which covers about 88% of Earth’s history.

Geologic time begins with Precambrian Time, which covers about 88% of Earth’s history.

Geologic Time Scale Bellwork: Thurs. Feb. 4, 2016 1. We are in the ____________ era today. 2. The longest era was the ____________________ era 3. The era in which the dinosaurs lived was the ______________ era.

0 = today 88% of Earth’s History.

Fossil evidence suggests that forms of life, possibly photosynthetic bacteria, had evolved by about 3.5 billion years ago in the Precambrian era.

photosynthetic bacteria: 3.5 billion years ago

Stromatolites: layered accretionary structures formed in shallow water by the trapping, binding and cementation of sedimentary grains by biofilms of microorganisms, especially cyanobacteria. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V1o2nbNOSS8

stromatolites

Silverfish still live today The Cambrian period was dominated by marine invertebrates such as marine worms, primitive arthropods, and echinoderms. Silverfish still live today

Cambrian Explosion (marine worms, primitive arthropods, and echinoderms)

= Jawless fish Cambrian Explosion (marine worms, primitive arthropods, and echinoderms)

First invertebrates Jawless fish https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lZkCngpZdk k&list=PL6A82D6FCD84BC56F

KT extinction event

6th mass extinction !!!!!!!!!!!! 5th mass extinction 3rd mass extinction 2nd mass extinction 1st mass extinction Jawless fish

Rate of Extinction Over Time. 3rd mass extinction 6th mass extinction is going on right now 1st mass extinction 4thmass extinction 5th mass extinction 2nd mass extinction

http://dsc. discovery. com/earth/wide-angle/mass-extinctions-timeline http://dsc.discovery.com/earth/wide-angle/mass-extinctions-timeline.html

KT event: Worst Extinctions https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_COcHHvte-0 Worst Extinctions https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=plK8xBOF73g

Geologic Time Scale

Types of Evolution: Macroevolution: Changes in anatomy, phylogeny, ecology and behavior in many species over time Example: the many species of dinosaurs Microevolution: changes within a single species over time. ex: the scarab beetle

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Through Quaternary, beetle species have moved far–from Britain to Tibet, for example. But Coope finds little evidence of beetles going extinct in great numbers. "They indicate that insect species show a remarkable degree of stability throughout the Ice Age climatic oscillations.”

Different organisms undergo adaptive radiation in different places or at different times but in similar environments. convergent evolution: when unrelated organisms come to resemble one another. Results in analogous structures. 37

Australian Marsupial moles provide a remarkable example of convergent evolution. Although only related to other moles in that they are all mammals, the external similarity is an extraordinary reflection of the similar evolutionary paths they have followed.

Divergent evolution: the accumulation of differences between groups forming new species, after species splits and lives in isolated environments. kidding

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-V-v_SGtnb0&list=PL878B69B016A0D457 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Adaptive radiation when a single species or a small group of species evolves into several different forms that live in different ways. 44

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Adaptive Radiation of Mammals This diagram shows part of the adaptive radiation of mammals, emphasizing current hypotheses about how a group of ancestral mammals diversified over millions of years into several related living orders. Note that the dotted lines and question marks in this diagram indicate a combination of gaps in the fossil record and uncertainties about the timing of evolutionary branching. 46

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Sometimes organisms that are closely connected to one another by ecological interactions evolve together. Coevolution: process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other over time http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zZorfhbYkw 48

Punctuated equilibrium: pattern of evolution of long stable periods interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change. Biologists have considered two different explanations for the rate of evolution, as illustrated in these diagrams. Gradualism involves a slow, steady change in a particular line of descent. Punctuated equilibrium involves stable periods interrupted by rapid changes involving many different lines of descent. 49

Gradualism: slow and steady change in organisms over time. Biologists have considered two different explanations for the rate of evolution, as illustrated in these diagrams. Gradualism involves a slow, steady change in a particular line of descent. Punctuated equilibrium involves stable periods interrupted by rapid changes involving many different lines of descent. 50

Punctuated or Gradualism Which is it? Punctuated or Gradualism Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Gradualism is slow and steady Punctuated equilibrium is brief and rapid

Darwin felt that biological change was slow and steady, an idea known as gradualism. Biologists have considered two different explanations for the rate of evolution, as illustrated in these diagrams. Gradualism involves a slow, steady change in a particular line of descent. Punctuated equilibrium involves stable periods interrupted by rapid changes involving many different lines of descent. 55

19-1,2 use your notes and (read  ) pgs. 538 to 552 Relative dating: page 540 Radiometric dating: page 540 Half lfe (half life): pages 540 545??????? An answer Turn this in today!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Relative Dating: establish the relative ages of rock layers with Index fossils If the same index fossil is found in two widely separated rock layers, the rock layers are probably similar in age.

Radiometric Dating Relative dating is important, but provides no information about a fossil’s absolute age in years. One way to date rocks and fossils is radiometric dating. Radiometric dating relies on radioactive isotopes, which decay, or break down, into nonradioactive isotopes at a steady rate. Radiometric dating compares the amount of radioactive to nonreactive isotopes in a sample to determine its age.

Types of relationships

Symbiotic relationship Ants and Acacia tress Ants, caterpillars and acacia Beltian bodies nectaries thorns

How is it a mutual relationship? Ants provide tree services too! Attack herbivores, chew up nearby trees so Acacias aren’t in shadows. Tree provides ants- nectar for food, thorns for nest, protein rich Beltian bodies (on leaf tips)

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Population Growth When Darwin read Malthus’s work, he realized that this reasoning applied to plants and animals. If all the offspring of almost any species survived for several generations, they would overrun the world. This information was central to Darwin’s explanation of evolutionary change.

Speciation and Extinction Grand transformations in anatomy, phylogeny, ecology, and behavior—which usually take place in clades larger than a single species—are known as macroevolutionary patterns. The ways new species emerge through speciation, and the ways species disappear through extinction, are both examples of macroevolutionary patterns. The emergence, growth, and extinction of larger clades, such as mammals or dinosaurs, are also macroevolutionary patterns.

Developmental Genes and Body Plans Hox Genes are the master control genes of body layout. Evolution of Wings in Insects Some ancient insects, such as the mayfly nymph (top), had winglike structures on many body segments. Modern insects have only four wings or two wings. Changes in the expression of developmental genes may explain how these differences evolved. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 65