Unit 8 Vertebrates

Fish (Chondrichthyes – cartilaginous fish and Osteichthyes – bony fish) Digestive – system (mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestine) are herbivores, carnivores, parasites, filter feeders, detritus feeders Respiratory – gills, some have a modified swim bladder (lungs) Circulatory – closed, 2-chambered heart Nervous- brain and nervous system, lateral line for chemical sense; some can conduct electricity, some are bioluminescent; ectotherms Excretory – excrete ammonia, have kidneys, solid waste also Reproductive – sexual, oviparous or ovoviviparous EX: sharks, rays, goldfish, trout

Amphibians Digestive: young are herbivores, adults are carnivorous, have digestive systems with mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines; have a single posterior body opening, the cloaca Respiratory: young have gills, adults have lungs; have thin skin which also absorbs some oxygen Circulatory: a three-chambered heart, a closed, double loop system Nervous: brain and spinal cord; ectotherms Excretory: kidneys with bladder and cloaca; liquid wastes are urine Reproductive: sexual; eggs are laid in water, wrapped in leaves, or on moist ground Examples: frogs, toads, salamanders

Walking Catfish https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pZg0s2wmZFI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JihqKKIzXR8

Reptiles Digestive: system as with amphibians, have a single posterior body opening, the cloaca Respiratory: only lungs Circulatory: a three or four chambered heart, closed, double loop system Nervous: brain, spinal cord and nervous system, heat senses, ectotherms Excretory: kidneys conserve water by limiting water in wastes; excrete urea; have an anus Reproductive: sexual: viviparous or ovoviparous Examples: snakes, lizards, turtles

Aves (Birds) Digestive: system includes a mouth, esophagus, crop, gizzard, stomach and intestines Respiratory: lungs; hollow bones assist in breathing Circulatory: four-chambered heart, closed, double-loop system Nervous: Brain and spinal cord with nervous system; well- developed senses; magnetic senses for navigation, endotherms Excretory: kidneys create uric acid to conserve water, out through the cloaca Reproductive: sexual; all are oviparous Examples: robins, penguins, ostriches

As birds breathe, air is first pushes in the air sacs, with the “inhale,” then is pushed into the lungs with the “exhale.”

Mammals Digestive: An alimentary canal with the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus. Accessory organs like the liver and pancreas Respiratory: lungs Circulatory: closed, double-loop system with 4 chambered heart Nervous: brain with spinal cord and nerves; endotherms Excretory: liquid wastes filtered from blood by kidneys and excreted through urethra as urine. Solid wastes accumulate in rectum and are excreted through anus Reproductive: sexual, some are eutherian ; some are monotremes, some are marsupials Examples: humans, dogs, cats