CHLORINE GAS Per gallon of water treated, possibly the safest form of residual disinfection

Emotion And Misinformation Driving Shift To Alternative Disinfectants Ignoring historical facts Ignoring historical facts Misguided regulations Misguided regulations Inaccurate government databases Inaccurate government databases BHOPAL SYNDROME & worst case scenarios BHOPAL SYNDROME & worst case scenarios Misuse and generic use of the word Chlorine Misuse and generic use of the word Chlorine Safety and health risks associated with the alternatives Safety and health risks associated with the alternatives

A Long History Of Making The Technology Safe Vacuum Feed Technology Vacuum Feed Technology Chlorine Institute Chlorine Institute An innovative industry developed many safety devices An innovative industry developed many safety devices

Well Intended But Misguided Regulations Are Causing Fear RMP RMP FIFRA FIFRA

Government Databases On Chlorine Incidents Are Meaningless Release quantities only Release quantities only Dont differentiate between industries Dont differentiate between industries No injury or death data No injury or death data Suspect database info is largely Hypo accidents Suspect database info is largely Hypo accidents

We Are Beginning To Collect Historical Facts Specific To Our Industry Newspaper clippings Newspaper clippings CI and other trade associations CI and other trade associations Membership and end users Membership and end users

Misuse Of The Word Chlorine 400 Chlorine accidents in newspaper 400 Chlorine accidents in newspaper Media and layperson use Chlorine to describe hypo accidents Media and layperson use Chlorine to describe hypo accidents 65% of Chlorine accidents are hypo 65% of Chlorine accidents are hypo 50% of hypo accidents use Chlorine in headline 50% of hypo accidents use Chlorine in headline Damages reputation of Chlorine gas disinfection Damages reputation of Chlorine gas disinfection

Safety issues with alternative disinfectants Calcium Hypochlorite: Gas releases, fires, explosions Calcium Hypochlorite: Gas releases, fires, explosions Sodium Hypochlorite: gas releases when combined with other chemical Sodium Hypochlorite: gas releases when combined with other chemical Onsite generation: Detonation of hydrogen Onsite generation: Detonation of hydrogen

MEDIA REPORTED CHLORINE INCIDENTS

Compressed Chlorine Gas Incidents Only 35 to 40% of chlorine accidents involve compressed gas Only 35 to 40% of chlorine accidents involve compressed gas

Compressed Chlorine Gas Incidents

Source of Leak

Type Of Vessel Involved

Chlorine Incident Statistics Majority of events occurred when the tanks were being changed out. Majority of events occurred when the tanks were being changed out. Majority of the quantities released were less than 25 lbs. Majority of the quantities released were less than 25 lbs. There were 3 releases over 300 lbs There were 3 releases over 300 lbs 2 water treatment plant operator fatalities since 1979 (both asthmatic) 2 water treatment plant operator fatalities since 1979 (both asthmatic) Zero offsite fatalities going back to 1959 Zero offsite fatalities going back to 1959

More Concerns With Alternatives Chlorate and Bromate formation are greater concern when using hypo Chlorate and Bromate formation are greater concern when using hypo CA may require NSF grade salt for onsite generators CA may require NSF grade salt for onsite generators EPA is now beginning to look into the regulation of reactives EPA is now beginning to look into the regulation of reactives

Chlorine gas is possibly the safest form of disinfection available Eliminate emotion Eliminate emotion Clarify misinformation Clarify misinformation Analyze historical data and statistics Analyze historical data and statistics