In vitro preparation. In vitro preparation. (A) In vitro preparation of the crayfish thoracic locomotor system consisted of thoracic ganglia 3–5 (T3, T4.

Slides:

Advertisements

Similar presentations

The Role of the Caudal Photoreceptor in Crayfish

Advertisements

Neurons. Functional Classification of Neurons Sensory(Afferent) Neurons Motor (Efferent) Neurons Association Neurons (Interneurons)

Envelope generated by the interaction of the EODs of three weakly electric fish. Envelope generated by the interaction of the EODs of three weakly electric.

Interactions of movement and EODs for producing envelopes.

Analysis of covariance for feeding rate (rF) in H

Results of the best-fit, ordinal logistic regression assessing the effects of sex (males coded as 0, females coded as 1), body mass (Mb), test temperature.

Distribution of the amount of corticosterone in five primary feathers of bald eagles sampled in 21 mm segments from distal to proximal position along the.

Isotopic enrichment values of the equilibration time course for (A) oxygen-18 (18O) and (B) deuterium (2H) of three green turtles (Chelonia mydas). Isotopic.

(A, B). (A, B). Median motor nerve conduction study. Active recording electrode is over the APB muscle, with stimulation at the wrist, elbow, axilla,

Cellular redox potential in muscle tissue of A

Correlation between TN motoneuronal activity and tentacle movement during fictive locomotion. Correlation between TN motoneuronal activity and tentacle.

Effects of embryonic hypoxia on fasted and postprandial cardiac shunting. Effects of embryonic hypoxia on fasted and postprandial cardiac shunting. Mean.

Positive relationship between the residual breaking force and cuticle area of lamellar joints. Positive relationship between the residual breaking force.

Angular movements possible at the five joints of a hind leg in Aphrophora. Angular movements possible at the five joints of a hind leg in Aphrophora. The.

Linear relationship between the measured rate of blood flow to the systemic circuit () and rate of blood flow through the left aorta () at 0, 12 and 24 h.

Effect of 20E on locomotion behavior.

Sample traces of Tth, abdominal pumping rate, raw chamber pressure and at different PO2. Sample traces of Tth, abdominal pumping rate, raw chamber pressure.

Photographs of the potential humpback whale mother–calf pairs.

Timing of homeward flights of bees after the second release.

24 h mean of body temperature plotted against 24 h mean of air temperature (A), and 24 h amplitude of body temperature plotted against 24 h range of air.

Performance of Drosophila on diet supplemented with B vitamins.

Night-time soundscape of midshipman fish during the breeding season.

Illustration of the hypothetical relationships among metabolic level, the intraspecific scaling exponent b and cell size. Illustration of the hypothetical.

Repetitive series of midshipman growls.

Heatmap of relative expression levels of 75 O

Stylized models of C. marinus illustrating the hypothesis for the effects of lung ventilation on vertical lymph movement. Stylized models of C. marinus.

Swimming paths of Freja in no fish (A) and fish trials (B) with no eyecups and when blindfolded (with eyecups). Swimming paths of Freja in no fish (A)

The interaction of gecko toe pads with the substrate in the presence and absence of water. The interaction of gecko toe pads with the substrate in the.

Bivariate plots of mean total scratches and mean total pits for natural grazers. Bivariate plots of mean total scratches and mean total pits for natural.

The six degrees of freedom that specify the position and orientation of the batoid (ray) body. The six degrees of freedom that specify the position and.

Armadillos are the only natural host of leprosy, aside from humans.

Female responses to two-monitor video playback tests.

Z-stack compressions showing triple labelling of different cell types in the gills of bowfin with serotonin antibody (5-HT, green) and the neuronal marker.

Set-up to test the turning preference of ants.

Effect of chronic disturbance and acute stressor on testosterone levels. Effect of chronic disturbance and acute stressor on testosterone levels. (A) Testosterone.

Relationship between testes mass and testosterone (T) levels before handling (baseline), post-handling, and after a GnRH injection. Relationship between.

Effect of temperature and activity on vascular pressure, conductance and cardiac power output. Effect of temperature and activity on vascular pressure,

Vertical ground reaction force–time waveforms for RFS trials.

Vertical ground reaction force–time waveforms for FFS trials.

Response latency of Lingulodinium polyedrum strain HJ as a function of flow velocity, vmax. Response latency of Lingulodinium polyedrum strain HJ as a.

Participation of the ankle extensor muscle, LG, during RLMs in control posture and extension restraint. Participation of the ankle extensor muscle, LG,

Impact of extension restraint on EMG activity during RLMs at E20.

Extracellular recording apparatus.

The amount of PGE2 released by osteoblastic cells was greatest when the cells were treated with serum collected in the post-hibernation period (N=9). The.

Representative force traces of the forelimb and hindlimb during steady-state locomotion. Representative force traces of the forelimb and hindlimb during.

Leg postural conditions and EMG burst detection methods.

Mean and s.d. values of the observed vertical impulse ratio (Robs) and predicted vertical impulse ratio (Rpred). Mean and s.d. values of the observed vertical.

Feedback loop controlling femur–tibia joint position in insects.

Ankle marker vertical position versus time data just prior to touchdown and during the initial ground contact phase for a representative rear-foot strike.

Behavior rates for descenders (A), non-descenders (B) and controls (C) before and during the experimental trial. Behavior rates for descenders (A), non-descenders.

Audio and accelerometer spectrograms of SEP2 calls.

Effect of chronic disturbance and an acute handling stressor on hormone receptor expression in testes. Effect of chronic disturbance and an acute handling.

Kinematic measurements recorded as squid approached shrimp and fish.

The occurrence of D calls on a dive profile.

Marginal means (±s.e.m.) of temperatures for four tissues in 13 king penguins while fasting in water. Marginal means (±s.e.m.) of temperatures for four.

A broken-stick O2-uptake function for male and female killer whales as used in the O2 model (model 3). A broken-stick O2-uptake function for male and female.

Fig. 3. Mean force and velocity during jumping

Leeches require closed loop sensory feedback to localize stimuli.

Performance of Gr28b(D) and dTrpA1GAL4 at increasing temperatures with changing location of the comfortable tile. Performance of Gr28b(D) and dTrpA1GAL4.

Effect of 20E on the resistance reflex response recorded from the depressor nerve. Effect of 20E on the resistance reflex response recorded from the depressor.

Two REMS-like iterations demonstrating common patterns of rapid brightness changes of skin patterning. Two REMS-like iterations demonstrating common patterns.

Distance between the treated fish and its nearest neighbor increases 1 and 2 weeks after lateral line inactivation. Distance between the treated fish and.

Effect of AedaeCAPA-1 on in vitro fluid secretion rate, cation (Na+ and K+) concentration and transport rate by adult female A. aegypti MTs stimulated.

Example of swimming trajectories from three groups of fish from three different weeks along with the extracted behavioral parameters. Example of swimming.

Results from phylogenetic generalized least-squares regression (PGLS) between resting metabolic rate (RMR) at three experimental temperatures (24, 30 and.

The vertical ground reaction force–time waveforms generated by the model for FFS trials with varied m1 values. The vertical ground reaction force–time.

Effect of cocaine on locomotion.

Effect of pymetrozine on individual femoral chordotonal organ (fCO) receptor cells. Effect of pymetrozine on individual femoral chordotonal organ (fCO)

Ketone body treatments enhance in vitro brain mitochondrial respiration in an age-dependent manner. Ketone body treatments enhance in vitro brain mitochondrial.

Anatomical illustration of the greater superficial petrosal nerve (GSPN) (black arrowheads). Anatomical illustration of the greater superficial petrosal.

Presentation transcript:

In vitro preparation. In vitro preparation. (A) In vitro preparation of the crayfish thoracic locomotor system consisted of thoracic ganglia 3–5 (T3, T4 and T5) with motor nerves and proximal muscles of the left fifth leg (promotor, remotor, levator and depressor), as well as one or several abdominal ganglia (A1, first abdominal ganglion). The coxo-basipodite chordotonal organ (CBCO), a proprioceptor that encodes the vertical movements of the leg, was also dissected out. A mechanical puller was used to apply sine wave movements to the CBCO in order to mimic the vertical movements of the leg by stretching and releasing the CBCO strand. The central nervous system was isolated from the CBCO by a Vaseline well to perfuse the ganglia only. Activities of motor and sensory nerves were recorded with stainless steel electrodes (black circles). (B) Single or multiple intracellular recordings from motoneurons were performed within the neuropile using glass microelectrodes (ME) placed in the main neurite. Julien Bacqué-Cazenave et al. J Exp Biol 2013;216:1808-1818 © 2013. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd