ZOOLOGY Intro to Animals   Image from: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/index.html

Biology = study of life Physiology = Study of the functions of organs Anatomy = the structure of the organism/organs Zoology = study of animals

Which of these is an “animal”?

Answer: They are all animals!

Animal Groups Image from: http://ology.amnh.org/biodiversity/treeoflife/pages/graph.html

Animal Kingdom Phyla Phylum Porifera – sponges Phylum Cnidaria – sea anemones, jellyfish, hydra

Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms Free-living Planarian Parasitic Tapeworm

Phylum Nematoda – roundworms Phylum Annelida – segmented worms

Phylum Mollusca – clams, squid, snails

Phylum Arthropoda – crustaceans, insects, spiders This is the largest phylum in the animal kingdom and contains the most number of species

Phylum Echinodermata - starfish

Phylum Chordata – includes all vertebrates

Characteristics of ALL Animals: Are EUKARYOTES cells have nucleus & membrane bound organelles Are HETEROTROPHIC get food from consuming other organisms Are MULTICELLULAR made of many cells Show SPECIALIZATION different kinds of cells do different jobs

Characteristics of ALL Animals: 5. MOVE (at some point in life cycle) for food, find mates, escape danger Contain DNA which carries the genetic code 7. REPRODUCE Make offspring Most have sexual reproduction (few asexual)

10 Body Systems : (fur, skin, scales, feathers) 1. INTEGUMENTARY OUTSIDE BODY COVERING (fur, skin, scales, feathers) Covers and protects, ID, prevents heat & water loss Orangutan image from: http://www.biologycorner.com/webquests.php Fish image from:http://www.woodburning.com/fish/ Frog image from: http://gladstone.uoregon.edu/~mmorley/rainbow/green%20frog.jpg Cardinal image from: http://www.nps.gov/fopu/pulaskione/GRAPHIC/IMAGES/birds/Northern%20Cardinal.jpg

Breaks down food to obtain nutrients & gets rid of undigested waste 2. DIGESTIVE Breaks down food to obtain nutrients & gets rid of undigested waste Image from: http://infozone.imcpl.org/kids_diges.htm

NO OPENINGS: Food enters through skin

Only one opening: FOOD IN and WASTE OUT through same opening Images from: http://www.geocities.com/animalbio/biology/DIGESTIO.gif Only one opening: FOOD IN and WASTE OUT through same opening

FOOD IN at one end (mouth) WASTE OUT at other end (ANUS) Image from: http://www.geocities.com/animalbio/biology/DIGESTIO.gif Two openings: FOOD IN at one end (mouth) WASTE OUT at other end (ANUS)

Two openings: Most efficient Image from: http://www.geocities.com/animalbio/biology/DIGESTIO.gif Two openings: Most efficient If food flows only one direction it allows for organ specialization (Different parts can start to do different jobs)

Transports nutrients/oxygen to body cells 3. CIRCULATORY Transports nutrients/oxygen to body cells Carries carbon dioxide/nitrogen waste away from cells Circulatory fluid can be: inside blood vessels = CLOSED loose inside body spaces = OPEN Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_19/147a.gif

4. RESPIRATORY Exchange gases with the environment take in oxygen get rid of waste gases (CO2 &/or ammonia) Image from: http://www.umm.edu/respiratory/images/respiratory_anatomy.gif

Get rid of nitrogen waste made by cells 5. EXCRETORY Get rid of nitrogen waste made by cells Help with HOMEOSTASIS by maintaining water/ion balance (OSMOREGULATION)

NITROGEN WASTE : AMMONIA Most TOXIC Must be removed QUICKLY Needs MOST water to dilute UREA Made from ammonia by liver Less toxic than ammonia Can be stored if diluted with water (Needs less water to dilute than ammonia) URIC ACID LEAST TOXIC (Needs LEAST amount of water to dilute)

http://www.anselm.edu/homepage/jpitocch/genbio/nitrowaste.JPG NITROGEN WASTE

Framework to support body/protection Skeleton on inside = ENDOSKELETON 6. SKELETAL Framework to support body/protection Skeleton on inside = ENDOSKELETON Skeleton on outside = EXOSKELETON Walking skeleton image from: http://virtualastronaut.jsc.nasa.gov/textonly/act15/text-skeletonpuz.html Insect lefg image from:http://www.zoobooks.com/newFrontPage/animals/virtualZoo/animals/i/insects/images/exoskeleton.gif

Locomotion- move body itself OR Image from: http://kidshealth.org/kid/body/muscles_noSW.html 7. MUSCULAR Locomotion- move body itself OR move substances through body (EX: food through digestive system; blood through vessels) http://www.angliacampus.com/public/sec/science/nutriton/images/peristal.gif

8. REPRODUCTIVE Produce offspring by combining genetic material from 2 parents = SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Produce offspring using genetic material from only 1 parent = ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Family image from: http://babyhearing.org/Parenet2Parent/index.asp Planaria animation: http://www.t3.rim.or.jp/~hylas/planaria/title.htm

INDIRECT DEVELOPMENT - immature LARVA looks different than adult DIRECT DEVELOPMENT - young are smaller versions of adults Metamorphosis image from: http://www.lincoln.midcoast.com/~del/butterfly Frog image from: http://www.animationlibrary.co Image from: http://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/models/life/images/grow.JPG

Sperm and egg join outside female’s body = External fertilization Sperm and egg join inside female’s body = Internal fertilization Animation from: http://discover.edventures.com/images/termlib/f/fertilization/support.gif

Receive sensory info about environment & 9. NERVOUS Receive sensory info about environment & send response signals http://www.roadhunter.com/~ceph/gallery/anatomy07.jpg

10. ENDOCRINE Make hormones that regulate other body systems (only in higher animals) Image from: http://www.cushings-help.com/images/endocrine.jpg

Kinds of Symmetry No symmetry Radial symmetry Bilateral symmetry

ASYMMETRY = No symmetry Doesn’t matter how you cut it; you never get 2 identical halves. Image from: http://mbgnet.mobot.org/salt/animals/sponges.htm

Radial Symmetry Get 2 identical halves in several directions. Jelly fish image: http://www.redfishbluefish.com/BellaLuz/Jellyfish.jpg Image from: http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/ Get 2 identical halves in several directions. http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/animal%20dissections.htm

Bilateral Symmetry If divide animal down the middle you get 2 mirror images BUT only divides equally in ONE direction Image from: http://www.okc.cc.ok.us/biologylabs/Documents/Animals/Symmetry.htm

Identify the Symmetry

Trends in Animal Evolution Early Development Animals begin life as a zygote (fertilized egg)

The cells in the zygote divide to form the BLASTULA - a hollow ball of cells

The blastula pinches inward to form three GERM LAYERS Endoderm Mesoderm Ectoderm Digestive system, respiratory Muscle, excretory, bones, circulatory Outer skin, brain, nervous system

3 Types of Coeloms ACOELOM EUCOELOM PSEUDOCOELOM ectoderm mesoderm endoderm Image from: http://www.lander.edu/rsfox/310images/310bil5.jpg

Types of Coeloms (See-Lums) Body cavity (space) formed within the mesoderm that surrounds the internal organs ACOELOM = “without space” No cavity (space) around organs Image from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16labman05/lb5pg10.htm

FLATWORMS are ACOELOMATES!

Types of Coeloms (See-Lums) Space around organs but only lined with mesoderm on one side (lines body wall BUT NOT around gut) Image from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16labman05/lb5pg10.htm PSEUDOCOELOM

ROUND WORMS are PSEUDOCOELOMATES!

Kinds of Coeloms (See-Lums) EUCOELOM: Body cavity (space) lined on BOTH sides by mesoderm Image from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16labman05/lb5pg10.htm EUCOELOM = TRUE COELOM = COELOM

EUCOELOMATES ALL VERTEBRATES & SOME INVERTEBRATES

Advantages of having a COELOM (body space): Provides space for internal organs In animals without a skeleton- Fluid in coelom space can act as a HYDROSTATIC skeleton In animals without blood vessels- Fluid in coelom space can circulate nutrients and oxygen to cells

WHY is a EUCOELOM the best? Digestive organ muscles and body wall muscles come from MESODERM in different places so organism can digest food and move at same time. Images from: http://www.lander.edu/rsfox/310images/310bil5.jpg http://www.okc.cc.ok.us/biologylabs/Images/Animal_Images/coelomate.gif

Which way is up? DORSAL (top) POSTERIOR tail end ANTERIOR head end VENTRAL (underneath) Image from: http://www.ca4h.org/4hresource/clipart/animals/pics/dog.gif

Cephalization - an anterior concentration of sense organs (to have a head) *The more complex the animals becomes the more pronounced their cephalization Octopus – member of the class Cephalopoda (head-foot)

Segmentation - "advanced" animals have body segments, and specialization of tissue (even humans are segmented, look at the ribs and spine)