Chapter 9 Early 19th. Century Industrialization in America: The Market Revolution Chapter 9

ESSENTIAL QUESTION: What were the results of early 19th. Century industrialization in America?

Industrial Revolution 1790 Sam Slater – first factory in America. Pawtucket, RI (N. Eng) fall line – river drops Industrial – Revolution -

American Factory system Early “putting out” system – early factories made the cloth & then put it out to local families to assemble into articles of clothing. Waltham or American system – changed process so that all production done by factory. Lowell factories – due to shortage of workers, Francis Lowell hired girls and young women to work in his factories.

I’m a Factory Girl Filled with Wishes I'm a factory girl Everyday filled with fear From breathing in the poison air Wishing for windows! I'm a factory girl Tired from the 13 hours of wok each day And we have such low pay Wishing for shorten work times! I'm a factory girl Never having enough time to eat Nor to rest my feet Wishing for more free time! I'm a factory girl Sick of all this harsh conditions Making me want to sign the petition! So do what I ask for because I am a factory girl And I'm hereby speaking for all the rest! Poem published in the Lowell Offering.

The Transportation Revolution

Cumberland Road (National Road). Started in 1811 it was the first road to be macadamized in 1830’s.

First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA By 1830’s roads connected most major cities. How did a system of roads help Am. to develop?

Conestoga Covered Wagons Conestoga Trail, 1820s

Erie Canal 1817 – 1825 through NY State Erie Canal 1817 – 1825 through NY State. provided access to the “American Empire.”

Erie Canal – Connected the interior of the nation with the port of NY City making NY “The Empire State”

The success of Erie Canal sets off a 20-year canal building frenzy.

Robert Fulton & the Steamboat (patent) 1807: The Clermont on the Hudson River. How did steam ships alter river travel?

Inland Freight Rates How did the trend in freight rates help businesses?

Clipper Ships 1840’s – 1860’s Developed for speed over long distance tea and gold trade. Hauled small valuable cargo long distances - FAST!. Sleek hull design and a huge spread of sails increased speed

The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830) 1830  13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RR By 1850  9000 mi. of RR track [1860  31,000 mi.]

The RR Revolution, 1850s & 60’s Immigrant labor built the Northern RRs. Slave labor built the Southern RRs. What advantage did railroads have over canals?

Transportation Revolution Explain the connection between the industrial and transportation revolutions. 2. What were the changes in transportation between 1800 – 1850? 3. What was the role of government in fostering the transportation revolution? 4. How did the transportation revolution change America? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RNftCCwAol0 14:00

New Inventions: "Yankee Ingenuity"

Resourcefulness & Experimentation An age of inventors 1820 – 1900. Yankee Ingenuity - Inventiveness. Find solutions to practical problems. Self-reliance and creativity. Americans were first copiers, then innovators. 1800  41 patents were approved. 1860  4,357 “ “ “ . Why did Americans become innovators?

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791 Patented, not invented!

Effect of the Cotton Gin on U.S. “The rise of “King Cotton” Deepened the South’s reliance on a single cash crop economy

An unintended result of the Cotton Gin: Cotton production become more efficient, slaves were in greater demand and “Cotton Kingdom” expanded West.

Eli Whitney & Interchangeable Parts Interchangeable Parts revolutionized the industrial revolution.

John Deere & the Steel Plow 1837 Steel plow breaks the thick sod of the Great Plains.

Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper: 1831 Makes large-scale grain production and possible and profitable.

Samuel Morse & the telegraph Invented in 1840, the telegraph revolutionized long-distance communication.

Charles Goodyear Vulcanized rubber 1844. Gave rise to the synthetics & chemical industry.

Elias Howe & Isaac Singer 1840s Sewing Machine

Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858 Another leap in long distance communication. No more battles 2 weeks after the treaty!

Laying the Transatlantic Cable

The “American Dream” Material advance was seen as the result of American republicanism & proof of the country’s virtue and promise. A German visitor in the 1840s, Friedrich List, observed: Anything new is quickly introduced here, including all of the latest inventions. There is no clinging to old ways. The moment an American hears the word “invention,” he pricks up his ears.

The Northern Industrial "Juggernaut"

Boom/Bust Cycles: 1790-1860 The Industrial & Transportation Revolutions transformed businesses from small, local markets to huge, national markets where the individual lost power to the business cycle of the economy.

Creating a Business-Friendly Climate Supreme Court Rulings (Marshall Court): * Fletcher v. Peck (1810) – property rights * Dartmouth v. Woodward (1819) – contract * Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) – competition * Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1835) - competition

Federal Gov’t Encourages Business General Incorporation Law  passed in NY (1848) allowed easy incorporation. How do corporations help business grow? Federal government pursues a “Laissez faire” (hands off) attitude regarding business practices. This means the gov’t will allow businesses to do their own thing.

Distribution of Wealth During the American Revolution,45% of all wealth in the top 10% of the population. 1845 Boston  top 4% owned > 65% of the wealth = Boston Associates owned all factories in N.E. 1860 Philadelphia  top 1% owned > 50% of the wealth in the state. The gap between rich and poor was widening!

New England Textile Centers: 1830s Controlled by the Boston Associates.

New England Dominance in textile production as the Industrial Revolution expands.

Lowell Factories New England experienced a labor shortage. Francis Lowell hired young farm girls for his factories.

Waltham System Waltham, Mass. Used mill girls, interchangeable parts and all manufacturing under one roof. (As opposed to the “putting out” system.)

The Early Union Movement Early labor unions (guilds) were local, social and weak. Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842) legalized the creation of labor unions for honorable and peaceful protests. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g-95bn8IFyc&list=PLC3D2D56C50548B19 3:40

What's Happening in America by the 1850s?

Regional Specialization North EAST  Quickly industrializing. SOUTH  Growing reliance on Cotton & Slavery. WEST  The Nation’s “Breadbasket” Is Regionalism (or Sectionalism) new?

American Population Centers in 1820

American Population Centers in 1860

National Origin of Immigrants: 1820 - 1860 Why 1850’s

or American Party. Anti-immigrant especially Irish Catholics. Nativism – Fear/distrust of foreigners. Know-Nothing Party: or American Party. Anti-immigrant especially Irish Catholics. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RsRLL_nUMa4 3:40

Changing Occupation Distributions: 1820 - 1860

Market Revolution Transformed America from a local or subsistence economy of scattered farmers and workshops of craftsmen into a national network of industry and commerce. Farmers now planted crops for sale and purchased needed items. (Consumers) As a result of the new efficiencies brought by the industrial revolution & cheap western lands, farmers will see their incomes fall.

1. Describe how industrialization and capitalism impacted the U. S 1. Describe how industrialization and capitalism impacted the U.S. economy. Identify the inventions that enhanced people’s lives and helped fuel the country’s economic growth 3. Explain how improved transportation and communication systems helped to link America’s regions and make them more interdependent.

The results of early 19th. Cent. industrialization in America? ECONOMIC? POLITICAL? The results of early 19th. Cent. industrialization in America? SOCIAL? FUTURE PROBLEMS? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d4joqYycnqM 20:00