Bacteria: Kingdom Monera (bacteria) All prokaryotic cells Nucleiod (free-floating DNA) Reproduce by binary fission Do have sex pili Cell walls are unique Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Autotrophic and Heterotrophic 3 shapes and 3 arrangements Aerobic and Anaerobic

Name that bacteria!

Gram Positive and Gram Negative Thick cell walls that hold stain (Crystal Violet) Thin cell walls that don’t hold stain (Crystal Violet)

Importance to us: They make us well (cleaners, digestion, keep bad guys in check). They make us sick  Decomposition (vacuums) Nitrogen Fixation Our atmosphere Food production (yogurt, cheeses, sour dough) Genetic engineering (plasmids)

Messy Mr. Fleming Discovered penicillin after returning from vacation in 1928 First clinical trial were performed in 1939-1940 by Howard Florey and Ernst Chain in Boston on burn patients (national headlines)

Antibiotics Manufactured the most during and after WWII First resistance was seen in the 1950’s (60% of Staph. aureas was resistant) Modes of action/destruction: cell wall synthesis, cell membrane function, protein synthesis, DNA and RNA inhibition, inhibit another metabolic practices

Some Antibiotics (G+ and G-) Cell walls: Beta-lactam rings (penicillin, ampicillin, imipenem) Glycopeptides: Vancomycin Protein synthesis: tetracycline, erythromycin, azithromycin, chloramphenicol DNA/RNA: ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin (floroquinolones), Flagyl

Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Testing and the “MIC test”

Intrinsic and Acquired Resistance Intrinsic = natural mutations Acquired = sharing plasmids-genetic transfer between resistant/nonresistant bacteria, mis- and over use of antibiotics (broad spectrum and human behavior), don’t use enough or you stop using it prematurely