Effect of chronic exposure to imidacloprid, glyphosate or both on absolute olfactory conditioning of young honey bees. Effect of chronic exposure to imidacloprid,

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Effect of chronic exposure to imidacloprid, glyphosate or both on absolute olfactory conditioning of young honey bees. Effect of chronic exposure to imidacloprid, glyphosate or both on absolute olfactory conditioning of young honey bees. The percentage of bees that extended their proboscis (proboscis extension response, PER) towards the conditioned stimulus (CS) in the training phase of an absolute classical conditioning protocol. Bees were (from left to right) 5, 9 or 14 days old and had been reared in cages that offered sucrose solution alone (control, green), with imidacloprid (purple), with glyphosate (orange) or with both agrochemicals (pink). n, sample size. Letters indicate significant differences between the specified treatments; n.s., non-significant difference between treatments. Minimal adequate model: PER∼imidacloprid×glyphosate×age+trial+cage+bee. Carolina Mengoni Goñalons, and Walter M. Farina J Exp Biol 2018;221:jeb176644 © 2018. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd