The effects of laminarin, PMA and zymosan on PKC phosphorylation. The effects of laminarin, PMA and zymosan on PKC phosphorylation. Lymnaea stagnalis haemocytes were challenged with (A) laminarin (10 mg ml-1), (B) PMA (10 μmol l-1) or (C) zymosan (10μ g ml-1) for 0-30 min and their effects on PKC phosphorylation determined by western blotting. Equal amounts of protein were loaded in each lane and membranes were probed with anti-phospho PKC (pan), anti-phospho PKCα, or anti-phospho PKCαβII antibodies as indicated in the figure. Anti-actin antibodies were used to confirm equal loading of proteins. Relative PKC phosphorylation levels (shown in the graph in A) detected with anti-phospho PKC (pan) antibodies were determined by image analysis. Values are means ± s.d. from four independent experiments. *P≤0.05 and ***P≤0.001 when compared to control values (time 0). Audrey H. Lacchini et al. J Exp Biol 2006;209:4829-4840 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2006