Shoulder magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities, wheelchair propulsion, and gender1 Michael L Boninger, MD, Brad E Dicianno, MD, Rory A Cooper, PhD,

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Shoulder magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities, wheelchair propulsion, and gender1 Michael L Boninger, MD, Brad E Dicianno, MD, Rory A Cooper, PhD, Jeffrey D Towers, MD, Alicia M Koontz, PhD, Aaron L Souza, MS Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Volume 84, Issue 11, Pages 1615-1620 (November 2003) DOI: 10.1053/S0003-9993(03)00282-X

Fig 1 The SMARTWheel with component forces shown. Fr is the radial force and is directed straight toward the hub. Ft, perpendicular to Fr along the pushrim, is the tangential force and causes forward motion. FZ is the axial force and is directed along the axis of the wheel. MP is the moment caused by the hand not in the plane of the wheel. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2003 84, 1615-1620DOI: (10.1053/S0003-9993(03)00282-X)

Fig 2 Boxplot of MRI score distribution. Zero on the y axis indicates no change in the summated score. A negative number would indicate improvement and a positive number worsening. The box represents the interquartile range, which contains 50% of the values. The whiskers that extend from the box are the highest and lowest values. The line across the box indicates the median. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2003 84, 1615-1620DOI: (10.1053/S0003-9993(03)00282-X)

Fig 3 Barplot of group differences based on gender at both speeds of propulsion. The number in the box is the mean value. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2003 84, 1615-1620DOI: (10.1053/S0003-9993(03)00282-X)

Fig 4 Plot of radial force versus angle on the pushrim for a single user. The multiple lines represents 5 different strokes. Top dead center of the pushrim is equal to 0°. Time travels from left to right along the line and the entire interval is approximately 0.5 seconds. Note that peak force occurs near the top dead center of the pushrim. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2003 84, 1615-1620DOI: (10.1053/S0003-9993(03)00282-X)