Teaching Listening Comprehension Types of Spoken Language What Makes Listening Difficult? Micro-skills of Listening Comprehension Types of Classroom Listening Performance Principles for Designing Listening Techniques July 15, 2019 indawansyahri

Types of Spoken Language Monologue Dialogue Planned Unplanned Interpersonal Transactional Familiar Familiar Unfamiliar Unfamiliar July 15, 2019 indawansyahri

What Makes Listening Difficult? Clustering Redundancy Reduced forms Performance variables Colloquial language Rate of delivery Stress, rhythm, and intonation Interaction July 15, 2019 indawansyahri

Micro-skills of Listening Comprehension (1) Retain chunks of language of different lengths in short-term memory. Discriminate among the distinctive sounds of English. Recognize English stress patterns, words in stressed and unstressed positions, rhythmic structure, intonational contours, and their role in signaling information. Recognize reduced forms of words. Distinguish word boundaries, recognize a core of words, and interpret word order patterns and their significance. Process speech at different rates of delivery. Process speech containing pauses, errors, corrections, and other performance variables. Recognize grammatical word classes (nouns, verbs, etc.), systems (e.g., tense, agreement, pluralization), patterns, rules, and elliptical forms July 15, 2019 indawansyahri

Micro-skills of Listening Comprehension (2) Detect sentence constituents and distinguish between major and minor constituents. Recognize that a particular meaning may be expressed in different grammatical forms. Recognize cohesive devices in spoken discourse. Recognize the communicative functions of utterance, according to situations, participants, goals. Infer situations, participants, goals using real world knowledge. From events, ideas, etc., described, predict outcomes, infer links and connections between events, deduce causes and effects, and detect such relations as main ideas, supporting idea, new information, given information, generalization, and exemplifications. Distinguish between literal and implied meaning. Use facial, kinetic, “body language,” and other nonverbal clues to decipher meanings. Develop and use a battery of listening strategies, such as detecting key words, guessing the meaning of words from context, appeal from help, and signaling comprehension or lack thereof. July 15, 2019 indawansyahri

Types of Classroom Listening Performance Responsive Extensive Reactive Interactive Intensive Selective Developing top-down, global understanding Repeating utterances Eliciting immediate responses Actively participating in the activities Focusing on components Scanning the materials selectively July 15, 2019 indawansyahri

Principles for Designing Listening Techniques In an interactive, four skills curriculum, make sure that you don’t overlook the importance of techniques that specially develop listening comprehension competence. Techniques should be intrinsically motivating. Techniques should utilize authentic language and contexts. Carefully consider the form of listeners’ responses. Encourage the development of listening strategies. Include both bottom-up and top-down listening techniques. July 15, 2019 indawansyahri