IFN-γ antagonizes TGF-β in vivo.

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Fibroblast activation in WT and NFATc2-deficient mice.

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IFN-γ antagonizes TGF-β in vivo.

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Fibroblast activation in WT and NFATc2-deficient mice.

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IFN-γ antagonizes TGF-β in vivo. IFN-γ antagonizes TGF-β in vivo. (A) qRT-PCR analysis of IFN-γ mRNA in C. albicans–infected tissues of WT and NFATc2-deficient mice at the indicated time points after infection; each dot represents a different mouse. Means and SEM are depicted. Statistical significance was determined with a two-way ANOVA. ns, not statistically significant. (B) IFN-γ immunohistochemical staining (brown cells) in skin sections 24 hours after C. albicans infection. Representative histological sections from two independent experiments are shown; see also fig. S11. (C) Left: Kaplan-Meier curve showing the percentage of WT and NFATc2-deficient mice undergoing ulceration after C. albicans administration in the presence or not of IFN-γ at the indicated time points; n (WT) = 11, n (NFATc2) = 10, n (WT + rIFN-γ) = 5, n (NFATc2 + rIFN-γ) = 5. rIFN-γ, recombinant IFN-γ. Right: Kaplan-Meier curve showing the percentage of WT and IFN-γ–deficient mice undergoing ulceration after C. albicans administration in the presence or not of the indicated antibodies at the indicated time points; n (WT + isotype control) = 8, n (WT) = 12, n (WT + α–IFN-γ) = 10, n (IFN-γ–deficient) = 14; log-rank test. (D) Hematoxylin and eosin staining of WT and NFATc2-deficient mouse skin lesions 48 hours after C. albicans infections in the presence or not of the indicated stimuli. Larger magnification of PicroSirius Red staining of selected areas is also shown to evidence collagen depositions. The collagen capsule is loose in NFATc2-deficient mice if they are treated with rIFN-γ (1 μg per mouse). In contrast, the collagen capsule becomes thick in WT animals if IFN-γ is neutralized by an anti–IFN-γ antibody (50 μg per mouse). (E) Western blot analysis of SMAD2/3 phosphorylation in WT animals treated with C. albicans hyphae or C. albicans hyphae and rIFN-γ. Western blot analysis was performed 6 hours after C. albicans infection. Data were quantified and normalized on β-actin. Data are representative of two independent experiments. (F) Western blot analysis of SMAD2/3 phosphorylation from the infected skin of WT animals treated with C. albicans hyphae, C. albicans hyphae and the IFN-γ neutralizing antibody, or C. albicans hyphae and the isotype control antibody. Western blot analysis was performed 24 hours after C. albicans infection. Data were quantified and normalized on β-actin. Data are representative of three independent experiments. (G) In vitro WT and NFATc2-deficient skin fibroblast proliferation in the presence or not of the indicated stimuli (TGF-β, 3 ng/ml; IFN-γ, 150 U/ml). Each dot represents a different sample. (H) α-SMA immunohistochemical staining in skin sections of IFN-γ–deficient mice 7 days after C. albicans infection. PicroSirius Red staining is also shown to evidence collagen capsule. William Santus et al. Sci. Immunol. 2017;2:eaan2725 Copyright © 2017 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works