The Political Economy Land And Extractives In Post-Liberalisation Tanzania: Towards A Synthesis By: Rasmus Hundsbæk Pedersen, Senior Researcher at DIIS and Roskilde University Thabit Jacob, PhD at Roskilde University, University of Dar es Salaam and University of Dodoma DIIS ∙ DANSK INSTITUT FOR INTERNATIONALE STUDIER

Background and main points Hierarchies of Rights – land and natural resource investments in Africa research programme. Case studies. From land grabbing to political economy of investments. Three main points: Improved smallholder position. But still room for improvement. Linked to pol. econ./electoral dynamics With advent of state-led development model, ambiguity because of state entities. DIIS ∙ DANSK INSTITUT FOR INTERNATIONALE STUDIER

The triangular relations of large-scale land based investments From: Buur, L., et al. (2017). The political economy of land and natural resource investments in Africa. An analytical framework. DIIS WP. DIIS ∙ DANSK INSTITUT FOR INTERNATIONALE STUDIER

Historical overview Major change late 1990s: 1999 land acts (+ upgrading of ASM in 1998 Mining Act). Liberalisation; Formulation by ministry, NGOs, donors. Slow implementation. New reform wave 2010 onwards (2010 Mining Act + 2015 Petroleum Act + 2016 draft Land Policy + implementation focus). Driven by electoral competition, 2010/2015 gradual shift in ruling party thinking. Ambiguity for smallholders today. DIIS ∙ DANSK INSTITUT FOR INTERNATIONALE STUDIER

Case 1: Dangote cement and gas plant 2010 acquisiton, TIC/Dangote. 2200 hectares. Checks by MP. Italian investor, no compensation. Smallholders, even w/out de jure rights compensated. DIIS ∙ DANSK INSTITUT FOR INTERNATIONALE STUDIER

Case 2: Dangote and TPA port expansion 2015 acquisition TPA/Dangote. 550 hectares. Check by President. TSH10 million per acre (20 times). Only Dangote (25 hectares) finished = Speculation by TPA. DIIS ∙ DANSK INSTITUT FOR INTERNATIONALE STUDIER

Old vs. new port Year 2000 Mtwara Port expansion: 2500 hectares, no development, no compensation for ownership: ‘Now things are becoming more complicated. People owning the land have become wiser. People not only want to be compensated, they also want to be resettled (…) MPs always stand in favor of the voters so they start politicizing. They say: Don’t give up your land and if you give it up, make sure the procedures are followed’ (interview w. official, 12 February 2016) DIIS ∙ DANSK INSTITUT FOR INTERNATIONALE STUDIER

Case 3: Lindi LNG project Oligark, no compensation. Smallholders compensated, but ambiguous. 2015 acquisition by local/ministry/IOCs 2072 hectares. President order. Photo by Statoil DIIS ∙ DANSK INSTITUT FOR INTERNATIONALE STUDIER

Mining (and agribusiness) Mining people now compensated. Procedural rights limited. ASM redistribution. New agribusiness few, outgrower. Land repossession. Ambigous, SOEs. DIIS ∙ DANSK INSTITUT FOR INTERNATIONALE STUDIER

Towards a conclusion Smallholders position improved over time. No influence on de- cisions, but rights more respected. Linked to changes in political economy. No unilinearity – more dialectics. Domestic political economy vs. international and voluntary standards? DIIS ∙ DANSK INSTITUT FOR INTERNATIONALE STUDIER