Methane Gas in Coal Mining SA June 18 – 21, 2012 Barry Stevens, Ph.D. President TBD America, a Technology Business Development consulting group 2011 TBD America
NATURAL GAS Low natural gas prices are lifting the U.S. economy even as many people are asking questions about its environmental impact. "Natural gas is revitalizing America's steel industry, reinvigorating its petrochemical industry and benefiting heavy-equipment makers. …. Keith Hutton, CEO, XTO 2011 TBD America 2
3 WHY STORAGE Reliability Meet Load Variations Efficiency
SECONDARY 2011 TBD America 4 Operational Integrity Maintaining Contractual Balance Unforeseen Accidents & Disasters Regulatory Obligations Reducing Price Volatility Market Speculations
THE 2011 TBD America 5
THE MARKET Regulated Market Deregulated 2011 TBD America 6
OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS Total Gas Storage Capacity Base / Cushion Gas Working / Top Gas Deliverability Injection Capacity / Rate 2011 TBD America 7
HOW THEY 2011 TBD America 8
UNDERGROUND Depleted Gas Reservoirs Aquifer Reservoirs Salt 2011 TBD America 9
Disadvantages Low Deliverability & Injection Rates One Yearly Injection/Withdrawal Cycle High Base Gas Requirement Costly Reconstruction & Maintenance DEPLETED GAS RESERVOIRS Advantages Lowest Cost Existing Pipeline Connections Existing Wells & Surface Facilities Well Characterized Geology Utilization of Indigenous 2011 TBD America 10
Advantages Enables gas storage development in locations where hydrocarbon reservoirs are not readily available or suitable for natural gas storage Disadvantages Highest Capital Cost High Cushion Gas Requirement ( 50 % to 80 %) Maintaining Integrity of Gas/Water Interface Infrastructure Not Developed Poor Retention Capabilities Environmental Restrictions 2011 TBD America 11
SALT CAVERNS Disadvantages High Capital Cost Environmental Issues - Brine Disposal Volume of Each Cavern has Practical & Geological Limitations Periodic Service Disruptions - Government Mandated Inspections High Operating Cost Due To Corrosive 2011 TBD America 12 Advantages Very Low Base Gas Requirements Highest Deliverability Highest Injection Rates High Cycling Characteristics Multiple Cycles Reduces Unit Cost of Gas Injected & Withdrawn
ABOVE 2011 TBD America 13 Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Tank Farms Line Packing
High Volumetric Efficiency Costs Going Down Supports Stranded Gas Deposits 2011 TBD America 14
DEVELOPMENT 2011 TBD America 15
CHALLENGES Management & Control Industry & Market Demands Regulatory Hurdles Location 2011 TBD America 16
TBD America 17
SUMMARY Efficiency & Reliability Needs Capacity & Deliverability Driven Geographic & Economic Dependency Commodity Price 2011 TBD America 18
Barry Stevens, PhD President TBD America, Inc. THANK 2011 TBD America 19