Dr. Rohan Bennett, Dr. Jason Sargent, and Dr. Mark Pickering Innovations in Land Data Governance Unstructured Data, NoSQL, Blockchain, and Big Data Analytics Unpacked Dr. Rohan Bennett, Dr. Jason Sargent, and Dr. Mark Pickering World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty Washington D.C., United States March 19-23 2017

Background and Motivation The nexus of land, data, and governance is clear In the midst of a so-called data revolution Different generations of LIS are being disrupted But, what is actually meant by that? …extent, scale?

Approach and Methods Research Synthesis Analytical Framework Meunier (2016) and Applegate (2005) Data Inputs 108 published works, 26 other sources, + key informants

Distributed SQL Data Warehouse Database (DDBMS) Time Distributed Ledgers Hadoop NoSQL Distributed SQL Data Warehouse NewSQL SQL Analytical Transactional 2000s Centralised Database (RDBMS) Transactional (+ Analytical) 1970s Scale of DB Infrastructure Relational Non-Relational Other… Centralized Management Systems Decentralised Management System Adapted from: Meunier, S, (2016), Blockchain technology — a very special kind of Distributed Database, Medium, Dec 29 2016. https://medium.com/@sbmeunier/ (accessed: Oct 15 2017)

Impact of data revolution on strategy Factory Strategic high Impact of data revolution on operations Turn Around Support low high Impact of data revolution on strategy Adapted: Applegate (2005)

Rise of Unstructured and Non-Relational Structured data the mainstay, but, we’re seeing a rethink Standardization (LADM), 3Dization Leveraging off the semi-structured trend LADM, GML, LandXML, RDF, BIM, LandInfra Experimenting with the great unstructured 2 vs. 5000, 0.5 used, Talking Titler, OSCAR

Evolution in Distributed Databases Data and storage are being dispersed via outsourcing and cloud NoSQL in land sector is experimental (MarkLogic, MongoDB) NewSQL is really not existent (Google Spanner) Why? Transaction numbers too low? Transactions too complex? Latency and through-put not so important? …but, what about globally integrated markets and unbundling?

Slow Burn for Big Data Analytics Seek fast response times on queries of large data sets Relational (Oracle) or non-relational (Hadoop) Some experimentation (e.g. GeoSpark) But, overall where art thou? Transaction focus reigns supreme? Not enough (accessible) data? Applications are not clear?

Decentralized Management Hope vs. Hype Decentralizing management with Blockchain Now, dozens of examples… A few more… Exploring ‘Land Lay By’ in Kenya Profiling ‘Fractional Property Investment’ in Australia

Distributed SQL Data Warehouse Database (DDBMS) Time Distributed Ledgers Hadoop NoSQL Distributed SQL Data Warehouse NewSQL SQL Analytical 3rd Generation LIS Transactional 2nd Generation LIS 2000s Centralised Database (RDBMS) 1st Generation LIS Transactional + Analytical 1970s Scale of DB Infrastructure Relational Non-Relational Other… Centralized Management Systems Decentralised Management System Adapted from: Meunier, S, (2016), Blockchain technology — a very special kind of Distributed Database, Medium, Dec 29 2016. https://medium.com/@sbmeunier/ (accessed: Oct 15 2017)

Impact of data revolution on strategy Factory Strategic high Cadasta ~1% OECD Countries 30% Ghana/ Landmapp 1st Generation LIS Kenya/ Land Lay By Dubai/ ConsenSys Australia/ Brickx.com DCDBs + Legacy System Talking Titler Ghana/ Bitland 2nd and 3rd Generation LIS Impact of data revolution on operations 0st Generation LIS 70% GLTN/STDM Software Georgia/ Bitfury Sweden/ Chromaway FAO/ SOLA Developing Contexts Honduras/ Factom Turn Around Support low high Impact of data revolution on strategy

http://www.landlayby.com.au/

Land Lay By Existing business based on selling land options to diaspora Introducing DLT registry to mirror MoL in 2018/19 On Etherium Public, with private aspects (e.g. sales price) Intermediaries incentivised using Harambee Tokens

Challenges Technical Political Financial Developing robust smart contracts Populating the DLT with authenticated land ownership data Potential conflicts with the DLT registry and MoL registries Political Attempting support without support of MoL Government currently focused on its own digitization program Requires intermediaries support, but, they’re potentially being removed?! Financial Upfront investment costs ICO of Harambee Tokens

...fractional property investment https://www.brickx.com/

https://www.brickx.com/

Brickx.com Essentially a privatized registry and marketplace Not yet using DLTs Business model based on taking a small % of transaction Each property is a unit trust anchored to traditional land administration system

Challenges Rate of return on investment? Does it do anything to raise levels of tenure security? Could or should the approach be applied in low income countries? Are DLTs the tool realize ‘mass unbundling’ of the ownership parcel?

Summary… Trending towards uptake on most fronts Opportunities for more analytics Adjusting expectations, broadening focus Something old, something new Assessing impact: too soon or too hard?

End. Thanks for your time.