Prepared by : Mohammed Alfarra Supervisor: Prof.Dr.Walid Amer Islamic University of Gaza Deanery of Postgraduate Studies Department of Linguistics and Translation Adverbial Clauses Prepared by : Mohammed Alfarra Supervisor: Prof.Dr.Walid Amer

Adverbial Clauses in English and Arabic

Remember: A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause (which can stand alone) and a dependent clause(which must be attached to the independent clause to make sense). Example: The television was playing as I left the room.

There are 3 different types of dependent clauses… Noun clause Adjective clause Adverb clause Today we are going to talk about adverb clauses!

What is an adverb clause? An adverb clause is a dependent clause that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb. It usually modifies the verb.

Recognizing adverb clauses Because English teachers lead boring lives and have nothing better to do, they have dreamed up an impressive, multi-syllabic term that no one can remember, to label words that introduce adverb clauses. They are called subordinate conjunctions. This is the fancy term for “signal words” that begin the clause.

Here are some common subordinate conjunctions. after than before in order that until if while unless because whether since though as although so that even though where when

Let’s look at some examples: 1. Even though English teachers are boring, they still need love and respect. The adverb clause is in italics. Note that it is a group of related words with a subject and verb. The subordinating conjunction, "even though" is part of the clause. The subordinate conjunction keeps the clause from expressing a complete thought  

2. The world would be a better place if more people respected English teachers. Again, the adverb clause is in italics. The subordinate conjunction, "if," is part of the clause.

3. If I were you, I would listen to my English teacher because I might learn something of life altering significance. This sentence has two adverb clauses. Note that in every instance, the subordinate conjunction begins the clause. 

But sometimes things get a little tricky. Consider these examples: 1. My English teacher is as wonderful as my math teacher. Look at the italicized clause. It doesn't look like a clause does it? There isn't any verb that you can see. The verb is implied. It is "is."  Does this look better? 2. My English teacher is as wonderful as my math teacher [is]. Sometimes verbs are implied, especially with "than" and "as" phrases.

Let’s try another one 3. Independent clauses are as important as quadratic equations and more important than the Pythagorean theorem.   Let's insert the implied verbs:   Independent clauses are as important as quadratic equations [are] and more important than the Pythagorean theorem [is].

Types of adverb clauses: There are many types of adverb clauses. Here are some examples of the most common types: Place Time Cause Purpose Concession Condition

Types of adverb clauses: 1. Place Answers the question where? Wherever there are computers, there is Microsoft software. 2. Time Answers the question when? After the fruit is harvested, it is sold at the market. 3. Cause Why? (what caused this?) I didn’t call her because I’m shy.

4. Purpose Why? (what was the reason for doing this?) She took a computer course so that she could get a better job. 5. Concession Why is this unexpected? Although Jay has a Master’s degree, he works as a store clerk. 6. Condition Under what conditions? If you save your money, you will be able to go to college.

Examples: 1. I left when the teacher started talking about clauses. The adverb clause is in italics. The subordinate conjunction is "when" and the clause answers the question when. 2. Students can’t achieve true happiness unless they understand clauses. This adverb clause establishes a condition. "Unless" is the subordinate conjunction.

3. Josephine's three cats bolted from the driveway once they saw her car turn the corner. The adverb clause answers the question when. 4. Tommy scrubbed the bathroom tile until his arms ached. The subordinate conjunction is “until” and the adverb clause answers the question how. 5. After her appointment at the orthodontist, Danielle cooked eggs for dinner because she could easily chew an omelet. The subordinate conjunction is “because” and the adverb clause answers the question why.

Practice: Example: They arrived before the game had ended. ("before the game had ended" is the adverb clause modifying the verb arrived telling when.) Underline the adverb clauses in the following sentences and draw an arrow to what they modify. 1. You clean the bathroom while I clean the carpet. 2. Bring in the toys before they get destroyed. 3. I stood on the box so that I could see the top of the shelf. 4. Your face becomes red when you are angry.

Adverbial Clause in Arabic

1- Clauses of time Finite adverbial causes of time are introduced by such subordinators as after, before, since, until, when, for example : English : When we last met,I was living in Ramallah. كنت اسكن في رام الله عندما التقينا اخر مرة

The –ing clause may be introduced by after, before, since, until, when(ever), and while: for instance English: He graduated from university while working as a newsboy. تخرج من الجامعة بينما كان يعمل بائعا للصحف

The –ed clauses maybe introduced by once, until, when(ever), and while as in: • English: Once approved, the decision will have a political deterioration سيكون للقرار تبعات سياسية متى تمت المصادقة عليه

2- Clauses of place Adverbial clauses of place are introduced by where or wherever: • English: Where the massacre took place, there is now a big forest. هناك الان غابة كبيرة حيث وقعت المجزرة

3-Clauses of Cause Clauses of reason or cause are commonly introduced by the conjunctions because, as, or since: • English: As he was tired, he couldn't go out. لم يستطع الخروج لانه كان متعبا More often Arabic connects the clauses using the causative (fa):

Non-finite and Verbless clauses can be used for cause, but without conjunction: • English: Being a laborer, he didn't understand most of the candidate's speech. لم يفهم اغلب خطاب المرشح لانه كادح

4-Clauses of purpose Clauses of purpose are adjuncts, usually infinitival, introduced by (in order) (for N) to, so as to: English: All countries must abide by the international law so that peace would prevail على جميع الدول ان تلتزم بالقانون الدولي حتى يسود السلام

5-Clauses of conditions and concession The adjuncts of condition are usually realized by as subordinate clauses in which it states the dependence of one circumstance on another: • English: If you treat others kindly, then they will respect you. سيحترمك الاخرون اذا عاملتهم بلطف

Concessive clauses usually denote a contrast between two circumstances; i.e. the main clause is surprising in light of the dependent one. They are introduced by (even) though or its more formal variant although, while, whereas, even if. For example: • English: Although he hadn't slept for days, he was active.

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