Chapter 2 Matter and Measurement Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space Matter can be a solid, liquid, or a gas Solids have a fixed volume and a rigid shape Liquids have a fixed volume but take the shape of their container Gases expand to fill the container that holds them

Matter can be classified into 2 categories Pure substances Pure substances have fixed composition and a unique set of properties Mixtures Mixtures are composed of two or more substances

Pure Substances can be further divided Elements An element is a substance that cannot be further broken down into two or more substances There are currently 115 known elements Compounds A compound is a substance that contains more than one element. Compounds have fixed composition

Mixtures can be further divided Heterogeneous Non-uniform mixtures in which the composition varies throughout the substance Homogeneous Uniform mixtures in which the composition is the same throughout

Flowchart of Matter

Physical Properties of Matter Physical properties can be observed or measured without changing the composition of matter. Physical properties are used to observe and describe matter. Physical properties include: appearance, texture, color, odor, melting point, boiling point, density, solubility, polarity, and many others.

Chemical Properties of Matter Chemical properties of matter describes its "potential" to undergo some chemical change or reaction by virtue of its composition. What elements, electrons, and bonding are present to give the potential for chemical change. Chemical change results in one or more substances of entirely different composition from the original substances. The elements and/or compounds at the start of the reaction are rearranged into new product compounds or elements.

Separation Techniques Filtration Distillation Chromatography Decantation Extraction Sedimentation Precipitation