Religion and the Renaissance: The Protestant Reformation 1520

Ideas of Reform Reform= Change! Renaissance spirit brought change Increased focus on individuals (humanism) People saw corruption in Church

Conflict with the Church Luther’s teachings disagreed with Pope Leo X’s strategy of raising money for the Catholic Church The Church had begun selling indulgences- certificates that forgave a person for his sins People bought indulgences believing they would ensure entrance into heaven

Martin Luther German monk, who worried about the issue of salvation (saving the soul) He decided that a person could achieve salvation simply by having faith in God. This idea became known as justification by faith

The 95 Theses In 1517 Luther wrote a list of 95 Theses or statements criticizing the church and its abuses, and nailed them to the door of a German church. Printed copies of the Theses spread throughout Europe (by way of Gutenberg’s invention)

Reaction People were inspired by Luther’s words and began to criticize the Church themselves Sales of indulgences sharply declined Pope Leo X tried to convince Luther to withdraw his criticism, but he refused Luther was excommunicated from the church Luther was forced into exile, where he translated the Bible into a more affordable translation so that more Christians could read it

Lutheranism First form of Protestantism (they protested against the Catholic Church) a new religion formed by Martin Luther This new faith had many distinctions from Catholicism: Justification by faith: only faith in God will save you; no amount of good works will achieve salvation. The Bible is the only authority on religion and God’s word, not a Pope or priest Protestant ministers preached in local languages, not Latin, so more people could understand them

Protestantism Catholicism Church hierarchy Pope Cardinals Bishops Priests Mass said in Latin Priests cannot marry Pope not head of church Do not recognize church hierarchy Ministers heads of individual parishes Church services said in local languages Most ministers can marry Monotheism Christ is Messiah Christ is divine being Old and New Testaments of Bible are Holy Books Both are SECTS of Christianity (branches)

Family Tree of Christianity Eastern Orthodox (Byzantine Empire) Lutheran Protestantism Anglican (Church of England) Roman Catholicism Calvinist Puritans Christianity Eastern Orthodox (Byzantine Empire) Presbyterians Congregationalist

The Spread of the Protestant Reformation

Sects in Protestantism John Calvin = Calvinist Church Henry VIII = Anglican Church (The Church of England)

Calvinism More radical than Luther Believed in predestination: God chosen those that will be saved/reach heaven Stressed hard work: Protestant work ethic No Free Will!

The Church in England King Henry VIII did not have a male heir An issue over the succession of the throne in the mid-1500s King Henry VIII did not have a male heir Wanted a divorce from his first wife - the pope refused Creates the Church of England or Anglican Church with Henry as the head Marries 6x 'Divorced, beheaded, died; Divorced, beheaded, survived' Arguments over religious cause conflict within & w/ other nations

The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Church reacted to the Protestant Reformation strongly Church leaders knew reform was needed to prevent all Catholics from being swept up in the Reformation Church leaders began an ambitious and comprehensive reform program of the church and its policies

The Inquisition 12th – 14th C Investigations of Protestants Protestants accused of heresy- going against church teachings Censorship of Protestant texts, ie- 95 Theses! Church wanted to stop the questioning spirit of the Renaissance

The Council of Trent Council of Bishops appointed to clearly explain and defend Catholic teaching Stressed that salvation could not be achieved by faith alone, but required good works in life (deny Justification by Faith) Only acceptable translation of Bible was Catholic Latin version, and the Pope, Bishops, and Priests were needed to interpret it

Council declared that Mass should only be said in Latin Established seminaries for the proper instruction of Priests (schools for priests) New style of art and music Baroque architecture emphasized exaggeration and highly ornate and decorated features, very different from Ren. Forbade selling of indulgences

Renaissance Architecture vs. Baroque Architecture Looks like Greek and Roman Looks more like Medieval (Gothic) Domes Columns

Reform in the Church One reform was to form the Jesuits, a group of monks who pledged themselves to the Pope and to helping people The Jesuits were missionaries, spreading the message of the Catholic Church throughout Europe Established universities

Effects of Counter-Reformation Successful in preventing Protestantism from completely taking over Europe Catholicism strengthened in the mid-1500s, especially in Southern Europe Northern Europe, however, had largely been converted to Protestantism (Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Anglicanism) Led to turmoil and religious wars as for centuries, Europe would be divided into a Protestant north, and a Catholic south-

Green areas represent where Protestantism took hold

Family Tree of Christianity Eastern Orthodox (Byzantine Empire) Lutheran Protestantism Anglican (Church of England) Roman Catholicism Calvinist Puritans Christianity Eastern Orthodox (Byzantine Empire) Presbyterians Congregationalist