English Colonization
English Pattern A Pattern of conquest and removal Influence of Irish experience Scotch-Irish Enclosure No assimilation and reliance on sharp divisions between groups of people
Goals of English Colonization 1) Religious Freedom – the Puritans 2) To acquire wealth – Virginia 3) A place to dump the unwanted – Virginia, Carolinas and Georgia
Jamestown VA 1607 Colony Tobacco Headright system Indentured Servitude and Slavery Bacon’s Rebellion (1676) – Poverty vs. Tidewater plantation class House of Burgesses Joint Stock Company
Jamestown
Puritans 1619 Plymouth Colony Mayflower Compact Governor William Bradford 1629 Massachusetts Bay Colony Great Migration (1630-1640) John Winthrop
Roman Catholicism and its protesting denominations Lutheranism Baptists Anglicanism (Episcopalism U.S.) Calvinism French Calvinists – Huguenots Scottish Calvinists – Presbyterian English Calvinists- Puritans Dutch Calvinists – Dutch Reformed Church
Puritan Massachusetts English Calvinists – Great Migration (1620-1640) City upon a Hill – A new Jerusalem Theocracy government with no dissent Roger Williams – Rhode Island Tom Hooker – Connecticut Fundamental Orders of Conn. (1639) King Phillip’s War (1675)
John Winthrop
Dutch New York (1620-1664) Fur Trading depot Slave outpost English Takeover in 1664 John Peter Zenger Case (1735) Libel; Freedom of the Press
Lord Cornbury – Governor of New York (1701-1709)
Middle/ Southern Colonies Pennsylvania - haven for Quakers, Germans. The Charter of Liberties – freedom of worship and immigration Maryland – haven for Catholics – Act of Toleration Delaware – a Swedish colony
Southern Colonies (Restoration Colonies) Carolinas – established as a retirement colony for wealthy West Indian landowners Georgia (1732)- established by James Oglethorpe: a debtors colony
John Winthrop defines Liberty For the other point concerning liberty, I observe a great mistake in the country about that. There is a twofold liberty, natural (I mean as our nature is now corrupt) and civil or federal. The first is common to man with beasts and other creatures. By this, man, as he stands in relation to man simply, hath liberty to do what he lists; it is a liberty to evil as well as to good. This liberty is incompatible and inconsistent with authority, and cannot endure the least restraint of the most just authority. This is that great enemy of truth and peace, that wild beast, which all the ordinances of God are bent against, to restrain and subdue it. The other kind of liberty I call civil or federal, it may also be termed moral, in reference to the covenant between God and man, in the moral law, and the politic covenants and constitutions, amongst men themselves. This liberty is the proper end and object of authority, and cannot subsist without it; and it is a liberty to that only which is good, just, and honest. This liberty you are to stand for, with the hazard (not only of your goods, but) of your lives, if need be. Whatsoever crosseth this, is not authority, but a distemper thereof. This liberty is maintained and exercised in a way of subjection to authority; it is of the same kind of liberty wherewith Christ hath made us free. The woman's own choice makes such a man her husband; yet being so chosen, he is her lord, and she is to be subject to him, yet in a way of liberty, not of bondage;
Virginia, 1639 Act X. All persons except Negroes are to be provided with arms and ammunitions or be fined at the pleasure of the governor and council. Maryland, 1664 That whatsoever free-born [English] woman shall intermarry with any slave. . . shall serve the master of such slave during the life of her husband; and that all the issue of such free-born women, so married shall be slaves as their fathers were. Virginia, 1667 Act III. Whereas some doubts have arisen whether children that are slaves by birth. . . should by virtue of their baptism be made free, it is enacted that baptism does not alter the condition to the person as to his bondage or freedom; masters freed from this doubt may more carefully propagate Christianity by permitting slaves to be admitted to that sacrament. Virginia, 1682 Act I. It is enacted that all servants. . . which [sic] shall be imported into this country either by sea or by land, whether Negroes, Moors [Muslim North Africans], mulattoes or Indians who and whose parentage and native countries are not Christian at the time of their first purchase by some Christian. . . and all Indians, which shall be sold by our neighboring Indians, or any other trafficking with us for slaves, are hereby adjudged, deemed and taken to be slaves to all intents and purposes any law, usage, or custom to the contrary notwithstanding.