Reform: Make changes in a social, political, or economic institution or practice in order to improve it

I. Religion Revival Second Great Awakening Preachers: Speak, pray, sing, shout, etc. Utopias Communities based on a vision of a perfect society EX: Mormons

C. Why? CT minister Lyman Beecher = leader of movement Protect society from “rum-selling, tipping folk, infidels, & ruff scuff.” Temperance Movement = persuaded Maine to outlaw alcohol

II. Education Led by Mass. Lawyer Horace Mann Edu. = key to wealth & economic opportunity Founded first “normal school” in 1839 = a school for training high school graduates to become teachers

III. Disabilities Thomas Gallaudet Developed method to teach those with hearing impairments Hartford School for the Deaf in Connecticut in 1817 Samuel Gridley Howe Helped those with vision impairments Printed books with alphabet created by Louis Braille Dorothea Dix Schoolteacher visited prisons in 1841 Life works = educate the public about poor prison conditions & prisoners with mental illness

IV. Culture Literature Margaret Fuller, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Henry David Thoreau = relationships between humans and nature & individual conscience Transcendentalism Inner voice, conscienceless, civil disobedience

Brahma: Ralph Waldo Emerson They reckon ill who leave me out;  When me they fly, I am the wings;  I am the doubter and the doubt,  I am the hymn the Brahmin sings.  If the red slayer think he slays,  Or if the slain think he is slain,  They know not well the subtle ways  I keep, and pass, and turn again.  Far or forgot to me is near;  Shadow and sunlight are the same;  The vanished gods to me appear;  And one to me are shame and fame.  The strong gods pine for my abode,  And pine in vain the sacred Seven;  But thou, meek lover of the good!  Find me, and turn thy back on heaven. 

Poetry Henry Wadsworth Longfellow = Song of Hiawatha Walt Whitman = Leaves of Grass Emily Dickinson = hundreds of simply/personal poems celebrating the natural world

Emily Dickenson: Wild Nights - Wild Nights! Were I with thee Wild nights should be Our luxury! Futile - the winds - To a Heart in port - Done with the Compass - Done with the Chart! Rowing in Eden - Ah - the Sea! Might I but moor - tonight - In thee!

Emily Dickenson: I felt a Funeral, in my Brain And then I heard them lift a Box And creak across my Soul With those same Boots of Lead, again, Then Space - began to toll, I felt a Funeral, in my Brain, And Mourners to and fro Kept treading - treading - till it seemed That Sense was breaking through - And then a Plank in Reason, broke, And I dropped down, and down - And hit a World, at every plunge, And Finished knowing - then - And when they all were seated, A Service, like a Drum - Kept beating - beating - till I thought My mind was going numb - As all the Heavens were a Bell, And Being, but an Ear, And I, and Silence, some strange Race, Wrecked, solitary, here -

Art Landscape painters Hudson River School = scenes of the Hudson River Valley Printmakers = Nathaniel Currier & James Merritt Ives