THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION Reformation – a movement to change or improve the Catholic Church Catholic Church – most powerful Christian church in Europe (only Christian Church) Unpopular Church Practices (complaints) – Some reformers thought: priests and bishops weren’t very religious anymore Many priests didn’t even know basic church teachings Pope was too involved in politics Church had grown too rich Upset with INDULGENCES!!! Earth = Sin Purgatory = pay for sins Heaven = no sin Create 3 Q&As for a member of the clergy

MARTIN LUTHER AND THE NINETY-FIVE THESES * On October 31, 1517, a Catholic priest named Martin Luther nailed a list of complaints about the church to a door of a church in Germany The list is called the Ninety-Five Theses Lutheran Church: became popular in Germany Newly invented printing press spread theses quickly Luther’s Teachings: anyone could have a direct relationship with God didn’t need priests to talk to God for them belief should be based on the Bible (not popes or priests) translated the Bible’s New Testament into German wrote pamphlets, essays, and songs about his teachings 95 Theses – criticized the church and many of its practices (selling of indulgences) Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther Luther’s Beliefs – If people believed in God and lived by the Bible = their souls would be saved Luther’s ideas eventually led to a split in the Roman Catholic Church. Those who sided with him and protested against the church became known as PROTESTANTS.

OTHER REFORMERS

William Tyndale: English professor He thought everyone should be able to read and interpret the Bible Church taught that only clergy could interpret the Bible

William Tyndale: Translated the Bible into English = angered the clergy Clergy tried to arrest him = he fled the country Eventually captured and executed

William Tyndale: Tyndale was strangled to death while tied at the stake, and then his dead body was burned. Tyndale's final words, spoken "with a fervent zeal, and a loud voice", were reported as "Lord! Open the King of England's eyes." Within four years, at the same king's behest, four English translations of the Bible were published in England, including Henry's official Great Bible. All were based on Tyndale's work.

John Calvin: More influential than Tyndale Taught PREDESTINATION – God knew who would be saved even before they were born Nothing people did during life would change God’s plan Still should lead a good life and obey God

John Calvin: Became religious leader of Geneva , Switzerland His followers are called Calvinists Passed laws to make people live according to Calvin’s teachings

John Calvin: Believed that people were generally sinful = banned many forms of entertainment No card playing, drinking or dancing = distracted people from religion

Henry VIII Ruled England from 1509–1547 Married six queens, divorced two, beheaded two more He brought the Reformation to England

Henry VIII Imprisoned bishops and nobles in the Tower of London, beheaded them all.

Henry VIII Henry needed a son to succeed him on the throne His wife Catherine had given birth to only daughters Henry asked the pope to annul his marriage

Henry VIII The pope would not annul his marriage Catherine was from Spain, a very Catholic kingdom the pope did not want to make Catherine’s family angry

Henry VIII Henry had his bishop annul the marriage any way the pope EX’D him Henry declared that the king and not the pope, to be the head of the Church in England

Henry VIII Henry ordered all Catholics to accept him as the new head of their church Some refused (Sir Thomas More) and were killed He seized Catholic land in England

Church of England The Church of England became known as the Anglican Church He didn’t change many Catholic rituals

Bloody Mary Many English Catholics did not want to abandon Catholicism They backed Henry’s daughter Mary when she became Queen

Bloody Mary Mary had been raised Catholic and wanted to make England a Catholic kingdom again.

Bloody Mary Mary restored the Catholic Church in England She arrested Protestants who opposed her Mary burned 300 people at the stake She was given the nickname “Blood Mary”

Elizabeth I Mary ruled for about 5 years, then died Her half-sister Elizabeth took over the throne.

Elizabeth I Queen Elizabeth I was a Protestant She restored the Anglican Church Became one of the greatest rulers in England’s history

Calvinism in Europe By the 1500s, the ideas of Calvin had reached England Many educated people began to read Calvin’s works They began to demand that the Anglican Church give up its Catholic ways These Reformers became known as Puritans

Puritans They wanted to purify the Anglican Church of Catholic ideas Puritans began to form their own congregations; neither Anglican or Catholic The Puritans were tolerated up until King James I became king in 1603

Puritans The Puritans believed in choosing their own ministers King James saw this as the Puritans challenging his authority King James I and the next king, Charles I, persecuted the Puritans

Puritans Many Puritans moved to America to practice their religion freely They founded Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island