Quarter 2: Unit 2: Energy in the Cell Chapter 5

1.) Passive Transport – the movement of of substances across a cell membrane without the use of cell energy. 2.) Diffusion – the process in which the cells of a multicellular individual become specialized during development. 3.) Concentration Gradient – the differences in concentration of a substances across space.

4.) Equilibrium – a state that exists when the concentration of a substance is the same throughout a space. 5.) Osmosis – the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. 6.) Hypotonic – describing a solution whose solute concentration is lower than that inside a cell.

7.) Hypertonic – describing a solution whose solute concentration is higher than that inside a cell. 8.) Isotonic – describing a solution whose solute concentration equals that inside a cell. 9.) Contractile Vacuoles - an organelle in protists that expels water.

10. ) Turgor Pressure – water pressure within a plant cell. 11 10.) Turgor Pressure – water pressure within a plant cell. 11.) Plasmolysis – the shrinking or wilting of a walled cell in a hypertonic environment 12.) Cytolysis – the bursting of cells

13.) Facilitated Diffusion – a process in which substances move down their concentration gradient across the cell membrane with the assistance of carrier proteins. 14.) Carrier Proteins – a protein that transports specific substances across a biological membrane. 15.) Ion Channel – a membrane protein that provides a passageway across the cell membrane through which an ion can diffuse.

16.) Active Transport – the movement of a substance across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient; requires the cell to expand energy. 17.) Sodium-Potassium Pump – a carrier protein that actively transports K+ ions into and Na+ ions out of cells. 18.) Endocytosis – the process by which a cell surrounds and engulfs substances.

19.) Vesicle – a membrane-bound sac in a eukaryotic cell that contains materials involved in endocytosis, exocytosis, or transport within the cell. 20.) Exocytosis – a process in which a vesicle inside a cell fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents to the external environment.

Chapter 6

1.) Photosynthesis – the conversion of light energy into chemical energy stored in organic compounds. 2.) Biochemical Pathway – a series of chemical reactions in which the product of one reaction is consumed in the next reaction. 3.) Light Reactions - the initials reactions in photosynthesis, including the absorption of light by photosystems I and II, the passage of electrons along the electron transport chains.

4.) Chlorophyll – a class of light-absorbing pigments used in photosynthesis. 5.) Calvin Cycle – a biochemical pathway of photosynthesis in which CO2 is converted into carbohydrates. 6.) Carbon Fixation – the incorporation of carbon dioxide into organic compounds.

7.) Stoma – one of many small pores usually located on the underside of a leaf; aids in gas exchange.

7-1

1.) Cellular Respiration – the process in which cells make ATP by breaking down organic compounds. 2.) Glycolysis – a pathway in which glucose is oxidized to pyruvic acid. 3.) Anaerobic Pathways – operates in the absence of oxygen, the fermentation pathways

4.) Fermentation – a process in which cells make a limited amount of ATP by converting glucose into another organic compound, such as lactic acid or ethyl alcohol, in the absence of oxygen. 5.) Lactic Acid Fermentation – the process by which pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid 6.) Alcoholic Fermentation – the process by which pyruvic acid is converted to ethyl alcohol; the anaerobic action of yeast on sugars.

7-2

1.) Aerobic Respiration – the process in which cells make ATP by breaking down organic compounds, with oxygen as the final electron acceptor. 2.) Kerbs Cycle – a series of biochemical reactions that release carbon dioxide and result in the formation of ATP 3.) Electron Transport Chain – molecules in the thylakoid membrane or inner mitochondrial membrane that uses some of the energy in electrons to pump protons across the membrane.

4.) Anaerobic Respiration - a type of respiration that does not use oxygen.