Figure 2 Natalizumab increases expression of proinflammatory genes and cytokines by CD49d+ memory CD4 cells Natalizumab increases expression of proinflammatory.

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Figure 2 Natalizumab increases expression of proinflammatory genes and cytokines by CD49d+ memory CD4 cells Natalizumab increases expression of proinflammatory genes and cytokines by CD49d+ memory CD4 cells (A) Relative expressions of messenger RNA (mRNA) associated with inflammatory and regulatory T cells. The expression level of each mRNA was determined with normalization to β-actin; n = 7 for each group. (B) Amount of cytokines secreted by each population under stimulation with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and anti-CD28 mAb. Cell culture was performed in triplicate for each sample. Multiple sclerosis (MS): n = 5; MS + natalizumab: n = 4. Mann-Whitney U test was used. Error bars represent the mean ± SD. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. IFN = interferon; IL = interleukin. Kimitoshi Kimura et al. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2016;3:e210 © 2016 American Academy of Neurology