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Molecule Compound Atom

Elements of Life 96% of living organisms is made of: carbon (C) hydrogen (H) oxygen (O) nitrogen (N)

Are complex (big) Are simple (small)

Molecules of Life Put elements C, H, O, N together in different ways to build living organisms What are bodies made of? 4 ORGANIC MOLECULES carbohydrates sugars & starches proteins fats (lipids) nucleic acids DNA, RNA

Repair and maintenance FOOD? Which type of molecules make food? Think of a pizza slice… Carbohydrates? Protein? Fats/Lipids Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) Why do we have to eat? Energy Growth Repair and maintenance

How do you use food? Carbohydrates? (bread) For energy Protein? (Cheese) Building block of cells/body Fats/Lipid? (cheese) As stored energy YES !

ATP Why do we eat? We eat to take in more of these chemicals Food for building materials to make more of us (cells) for growth for repair Food to make energy to make ATP ATP

Who makes organic molecules Hint: think of your favorite organic molecule Glucose Plants What do plants do with the extra sugar (leftover after they use sugar by __________ it to make __________) They store it as STARCH! How do they make starch?

http://www.chem4kids.com/files/bio_aminoacid.html

What are living creatures made of? Why do we have to eat? The Chemistry of Life What are living creatures made of? Why do we have to eat? Energy Growth Repair and maintenance 2006-2007

Why do we need to eat? Foods to give you more building blocks & more energy for building & running bodies Which ones are food? carbohydrates proteins fats nucleic acids vitamins minerals, salts water

Don’t forget water Water Rest of you is made of carbon molecules 65% of your body is H2O water is inorganic doesn’t contain carbon Rest of you is made of carbon molecules organic molecules carbohydrates proteins fats nucleic acids

What do we use the organic molecules for? Carbohydrates Source of energy Proteins Building blocks of the body Lipids Source of stored energy

OH H HO CH2OH O Carbohydrates: Energy molecules 2009-2010

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates Function: Examples quick energy energy storage structure cell wall in plants Examples sugars starches cellulose (cell wall) Glycogen glucose C6H12O6 sucrose starch

A. CARBOHYDRATES Living things use carbohydrates as a key source of ENERGY! Plants use carbohydrates for structure (CELLULOSE) include sugars and complex carbohydrates (starches) Contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen The hydrogen is in a 2:1 ratio to oxygen…always Ex C6H12O6

Simple sugars

How do plants store extra glucose? Starch How do animals store sugar/glucose? Glycogen

  + + H2O

Dehydration Synthesis

Building large organic molecules Small molecules = building blocks Bond them together = polymers A Polymer is made up of repeating subunits

Building important polymers Carbohydrates = built from sugars sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar Proteins = built from amino acids amino acid – Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide A Polymer is made up of repeating subunits

1. Monosaccharides (simple sugars) all have the formula C6 H12 O6 all have a single ring structure (glucose is an example) Sugars end in –ose Ex. Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Ribose, Deoxyribose

2. Disaccharides (double sugars) all have the formula C12 H22 O11 sucrose (table sugar) is an example

3. Polysaccharides Formed of three or more simple sugar units Glycogen - animal starch stored in liver & muscles Cellulose - indigestible in humans - forms cell walls Starches - used as energy storage

How to build large molecules? Synthesis building bigger molecules from smaller molecules building cells & bodies repair growth reproduction + ATP

Building large molecules of life Chain together smaller molecules building block molecules = monomers Big molecules built from repeating units of little molecules Polymers

sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar Carbohydrates Building block molecules = sugars sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar sugar

How do we make these molecules? We build them! 2006-2007

How do we combine simple sugars to make bigger sugars? By the process called Dehydration Synthesis Dehydration- lose of water Synthesis- To make…

4. Dehydration Synthesis Combining simple molecules to form a more complex one with the removal of water ex. monosaccharide + monosaccharide ----> disaccharide + water (C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 ----> C12H22O11 + H2O Polysaccharides are formed from repeated dehydration synthesis One example is starch…made by plants

amino acids = building block Example of synthesis amino acids protein Proteins are synthesized by bonding amino acids amino acids = building block protein = polymer

How to take large molecules apart Digestion taking big molecules apart getting raw materials for synthesis & growth making energy (ATP) for synthesis, growth & everyday functions + ATP

Example of digestion starch glucose Starch is digested to glucose ATP

https://duckduckgo. com/ https://duckduckgo.com/?q=dehydration+synthesis+animation&t=hg&ia=videos&iax=videos&iai=ZMTeqZLXBSo Activity (dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis) http://cornercanyonapbiology.weebly.com/uploads/1/7/0/7/17070906/dehyd._synthesis_and_hydrolysis_activity.pdf

What is the Mechanism of digestion? Hydrolysis

Addition of WATER to a compound to SPLIT it into smaller subunits 5. Hydrolysis Addition of WATER to a compound to SPLIT it into smaller subunits (also called chemical digestion) ex. disaccharide + H2O ---> monosaccharide + monosaccharide C12 H22 O11 + H2 O ---> C6 H12 O6 + C6 H12 O6

Proteins

Multipurpose molecules Proteins: Multipurpose molecules 2006-2007

Proteins Examples muscle skin, hair, fingernails, claws pepsin insulin collagen, keratin pepsin digestive enzyme in stomach insulin hormone that controls blood sugar levels pepsin collagen (skin)

Do Now: How are the following 2 reactions different? Explain. 1) C12 H22 O11 + H2O ---> C6 H12 O6 + C6 H12 O6 2) C6 H12 O6 + C6 H12 O6 ---> C12 H22 O11 + H2O Note-Use the terms Dehydration synthesis, hydrolysis in your answer. Write A (on top right corner of the card) if you think your answer is correct and B if you are not sure/don’t know the answer. Ans: 1st is digestion of a disaccharide sugar by the mechanism of hydrolysis –addition of water 2nd is the synthesis of a disaccharide from 2 monosaccharide by the mechanism of dehydration synthesis- loss of water

Proteins —N— H | —C— C—OH || O Building block = amino acids – 20 different amino acids There’s 20 of us… like 20 different letters in an alphabet! Can make lots of different words —N— H | —C— C—OH || O variable group

Proteins are polymers of amino acids Small molecules = Amino acids (building blocks) Bond them together = Protiens (polymers)

There are 20 types of amino acids C2H5OH C2H5 CH3 Only R group is different between the 20 types of amino acids

C. PROTEINS contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen composed of MANY amino acid subunits It is the arrangement of the amino acid that forms the primary structure of proteins. The basic amino acid form has a carboxyl group on one end, a methyl group that only has one hydrogen in the middle, and a amino group on the other end. Attached to the methyl group is an R group.

C. PROTEINS contain the elements carbon, ____________________________ composed of MANY amino acid subunits It is the arrangement of the __________that forms the primary structure of proteins. The basic amino acid form has a _________ group on one end, a __________ group that only has one hydrogen in the middle, and a ___________on the other end. Attached to the methyl group is an ___ group.

8. Dipeptide formed from two amino acid subunits Formed by the process of Dehydration Synthesis amino acid + amino acid ----- dipeptide + water

Synthesis of a dipeptide Mechanism is called-Dehydration synthesis Amino acid + amino acid ---> dipeptide + H2O (Chemical reaction in words) (Chemical reaction in formula)

amino acids = building block Example of synthesis amino acids protein Proteins are synthesized by bonding amino acids amino acids = building block protein = polymer

9. Hydrolysis of a dipeptide Breaking down of a dipeptide into amino acids dipeptide + H2O ---> aminoacid + amino acid

10. Polypeptide (protein) composed of three or more amino acids linked by synthesis reactions Examples of proteins include insulin, hemoglobin, and enzymes. ** There are an extremely large number of different proteins. The bases for variability include differences in the number, kinds and sequences of amino acids in the proteins

10. Polypeptide (protein) composed of ____________amino acids linked by synthesis reactions Examples of proteins include _____________________________ ** There are an extremely large number of different proteins. The bases for variability include differences in the __________, kinds and _____________ of amino acids in the proteins

Lipids: Fats & Oils 2003-2004

Concentrated energy molecules Lipids Concentrated energy molecules 2003-2004

Lipids Examples fats oils waxes hormones sex hormones testosterone (male) estrogen (female) 2003-2004

Lipids Function: energy storage cell membrane cushions organs very concentrated twice the energy as carbohydrates! cell membrane cushions organs insulates body think whale blubber! 2003-2004

Other lipids in biology Cell membranes are made out of lipids phospholipids heads are on the outside touching water “like” water tails are on inside away from water “scared” of water forms a barrier between the cell & the outside 2003-2004

Saturated vs. unsaturated  2003-2004

B. Lipids (Fats) Fats, oils, waxes, steroids Chiefly function in energy storage, protection, and insulation Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but the H:O is not in a 2:1 ratio Tend to be large molecules -- an example of a neutral lipid is below

Structure of Fat not a chain (polymer) = just a “big fat molecule” 2003-2004

5. Neutral lipids are formed from the union of one glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids 6. 3 fatty acids + glycerol ----> neutral fat (lipid) 7. Fats -- found chiefly in animals 8. Oils and waxes -- found chiefly in plants Oils are liquid at room temperature, waxes are solids 10. Lipids along with proteins are key components of cell membranes 11. Steroids are special lipids used to build many reproductive hormones and cholesterol

Proteins are very versatile! They play different roles in the body Some act as hormones Some as enzymes to do chemical reactions A Enzyme B Some as antibodies to protect you Some act as hemoglobin to help carry oxygen

Many Functions of Membrane Proteins “Channel” Outside Plasma membrane Inside Transporter Enzyme activity Cell surface receptor “Antigen” Signal transduction - transmitting a signal from outside the cell to the cell nucleus, like receiving a hormone which triggers a receptor on the inside of the cell that then signals to the nucleus that a protein must be made. Cell surface identity marker Cell adhesion Attachment to the cytoskeleton

How proteins help in your metabolism? By playing the role of enzymes

Thousands of chemical reactions happen inside each cell Cellular respiration, photosynthesis, synthesis of proteins etc etc… Some are breakdown reactions (catabolic) and some are synthesis reactions (anabolic) Sum of all chemical reactions is called metabolism

CATALYST- helps speed up things without changing itself 7. Enzymes are very specific Meaning one type of enzyme catalyzes only one type of chemical reaction 6. Names end in -ase

CATALYST- helps speed up things without changing itself 7. Enzymes are very specific Meaning one type of enzyme catalyzes only one type of chemical reaction https://www.johnbowne.org/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=325518&type=u&pREC_ID=video&showMore=1&titleREC_ID=31939 6. Names end in -ase

How do enzymes work? Because of their SHAPE

How do enzymes work? Mechanism.. Lock and key How are these 2 reactions different?

https://www. johnbowne. org/apps/pages/index. jsp https://www.johnbowne.org/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=325518&type=u&start=73&pREC_ID=video Chin Video 1,2 Show #2 first #1

Anabolic reaction/synthesis http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_enzymes_work.html

How do enzymes speed up a chemical reaction? By lowering the activation energy required for the reaction

What are the factors affecting enzyme activity?

How does temperature affect enzyme activity?

Low Temperature: Enzyme activity slow Optimum temperature: Maximum enzyme activity High Temperature: Enzyme activity decreases because enzymes DENATURE

How does pH affect enzyme activity? These 3 enzymes work at different pH Acidic pH Alkaline/basic pH

Proteins as antibodies https://duckduckgo.com/?q=production+of+antibodies+animation&t=hg&iar=videos&iax=videos&ia=videos&iai=KpNFAEbLcvk

Proteins as hormones https://duckduckgo.com/?q=how+do+hormones+work&t=hg&iar=videos&iax=videos&ia=videos&iai=A0Run0HcubE

Enzymes https://duckduckgo.com/?q=what+are+enzymes&t=hf&ia=videos&iax=videos https://duckduckgo.com/?q=how+do+enzymes+work&t=hg&iar=videos&iax=videos&ia=videos&iai=qgVFkRn8f10

Enzyme action http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_enzymes_work.html

Enzyme worksheets https://www.google.com/search?safe=strict&biw=1920&bih=974&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=hBIgWva6GsWJ_QaFn6HgAQ&q=examples+of+some+chemical+reactions+with+enzymes+in+a+cell&oq=examples+of+some+chemical+reactions+with+enzymes+in+a+cell&gs_l=psy-ab.3...19811.23471.0.24003.13.13.0.0.0.0.94.790.13.13.0....0...1c.1.64.psy-ab..0.0.0....0.POZTvlhxoSk#imgrc=_

End Products Substrate Active-site Enzyme

Proteins Function: many, many functions hormones movement signals from one body system to another insulin movement muscle immune system protect against germs enzymes help chemical reactions